Canon and Text of the New Testament. By CASPAR RENÉ GREGORY, D.D., LL.D., Professor in the University of Leipzig. Contemporary History of the New Testament. By FRANK C. PORTER, Ph.D., Yale University, New Haven, Conn. Philosophy of Religion. By ROBERT FLINT, D.D., LL.D., Emeritus Professor of Divinity, University of Edinburgh. Later Latin Church. By E. W. WATSON, M.A., Professor of Church History, King’s College, London. The Christian Preacher. By W. T. DAVISON, D.D., Tutor in Systematic Theology, Richmond College, Surrey. The Greek and Oriental Churches. By W. F. ADENEY, D.D., Principal of Lancashire College, Manchester. Biblical Archæology. By G. BUCHANAN GRAY, D.D., Professor of Hebrew, Mansfield College, Oxford. The History of Religions. By GEORGE F. MOORE, D.D., LL.D., Professor in Harvard University. Doctrine of God. By WILLIAM N. CLARKE, D.D. Professor of Systematic Theology, Hamilton Theological Seminary, N.Y. Doctrine of Christ. By H.R. MACKINTOSH, Ph.D., Professor of Systematic Theology, The New College, Edinburgh. Doctrine of Man. By WILLIAM P. PATERSON, D.D., Professor of Divinity, University of Edinburgh. Canon and Text of the Old Testament. By F.C. BURKITT, M.A., University Lecturer on Palāography, Trinity College, Cambridge. The Life of Christ. By WILLIAM SANDAY, D.D., LL.D., Lady Margaret Professor of Divinity, and Canon of Christ Church, Oxford. Christian Symbolics. By C. A. BRIGGS, D.D., D.Lit., Professor of Theological Encyclopedia and Symbolics, Union Theological Seminary, New York. Rabbinical Literature. By S. SCHECHTER, M.A., President of the Jewish Theological Seminary, N.Y. DEDICATION. TO THE REV. GEORGE CLARK HUTTON, D.D. PREFACE. This History of the Reformation has been written with the intention of describing a great religious movement amid its social environment. The times were heroic, and produced great men, with striking individualities not easily weighed in modern balances. The age is sufficiently remote to compel us to remember that while the morality of one century can be judged by another, the men who belong to it must be judged by the standard of their contemporaries, and not altogether by ours. The religious revival was set in a framework of political, intellectual, and economic changes, and cannot be disentangled from its surroundings without danger of mutilation. All these things add to the difficulty of description. My excuse, if excuse be needed, for venturing on the task is that the period is one to which I have devoted special attention for many years, and that I have read and re-read most of the original contemporary sources of information. While full use has been made of the labours of predecessors in the same field, no chapter in the volume, save that on the political condition of Europe, has been written without constant reference to contemporary evidence.