[120] The _Philadelphia_, commanded by Captain Bainbridge, while pursuing a frigate of the enemy, ran upon a rock off the Tripolitan coast and was captured, along with her captain and crew, November 1, 1804. Attempts to liberate the prisoners failed, and they were not released for nearly two years. But Decatur, in the ketch _Intrepid_, ventured one dark night into the harbor of Tripoli and destroyed the _Philadelphia_, under the fire of the enemy’s batteries. [121] Jefferson had long been friendly to France and more or less hostile to Great Britain, but when he heard that the former power had acquired Louisiana, he wrote: “The day that France takes possession of New Orleans fixes the sentence which is to restrain her forever within her low-water mark. From that moment we must marry ourselves to the British fleet and nation.” [122] Among the people of the Northern states dueling was practically put a stop to by Hamilton’s death. [123] The _Chesapeake_ was taken by surprise, and Commodore Barron had no time to make an effective resistance. [124] Born in Pennsylvania, 1765; died, 1815. Student of portrait painting; went to England in 1786; soon began to study engineering and inventions; was in France, 1797–1804, where he invented a torpedo which he vainly tried to induce Napoleon to adopt; failed in a similar attempt in Great Britain, 1804–1806; returned to New York, 1807; devised and successfully propelled his steamboat _Clermont_ from New York to Albany in 1807—the beginning of successful navigation by steam. [125] Born in Connecticut, 1765; died, 1825. Invented the cotton gin in 1793, which increased enormously the importance of slave labor by raising the cotton crop in ten years from about two hundred thousand pounds to more than forty-two million pounds a year. Also established near New Haven, Connecticut, the first arms factory in the country. CHAPTER XVI. =THE ADMINISTRATIONS OF MADISON, 1809–1817.= OUTBREAK OF WAR.