SPECIAL WORKS: J. Fiske, _Discovery of America_; E. J. Payne, _History of the New World called America_; W. H. Prescott, _Conquest of Mexico_ and _Conquest of Peru_; E. Eggleston, _The Beginners of a Nation_; J. Winsor, _Christopher Columbus_; also biographies of Columbus by Washington Irving, C. K. Adams, and C. R. Markham; W. Irving, _Companions of Columbus_; A. Helps, _Spanish Conquest of America_; F. Parkman, _Pioneers of France_; J. Winsor, _From Cartier to Frontenac_; E. J. Payne, _Voyages of the Elizabethan Seamen_ (also various biographies of Drake, Raleigh, etc.); H. H. Bancroft, _The Pacific States_, Vol. XVIII. On the Indians, see Fiske and Payne, as above, and the writings of L. H. Morgan and A. F. Bandelier. For full bibliographies, consult Channing and Hart’s _Guide to American History_. For illustrative material, consult _Old South Leaflets_ and Hart’s _American History told by Contemporaries_. The first voyage of Columbus is described in Cooper’s _Mercedes of Castile_; Elizabethan maritime enterprise, in C. Kingsley’s _Westward Ho!_ ----- [1] For a brief but scientific account of the chief characteristics of the aborigines, see article, “Indians,” by D. G. Brinton and J. W. Powell, in _Johnson’s Universal Cyclopædia_. [2] They became the “Six Nations” after they were joined by the Tuscaroras of North Carolina. [3] “Seminoles” means “wanderers”; the tribe was made up of refugees from other tribes, notably from the Creeks. [4] The remains of the old mill at Newport, Rhode Island, and certain inscriptions have at one time and another been held to date from the visits of the Northmen; but archæologists have not assented to these views. [5] Born at Genoa, Italy, about 1436; died, 1506. Early became a maker of maps and charts; about 1470 went to Lisbon, whence he sailed to Guinea, and probably to Iceland; studied the matter of circumnavigating the globe, and planned the project of reaching the East Indies by sailing in a westerly direction; failing to procure aid in Portugal, went to Spain, where he finally received help from the Spanish court, immediately after the fall of Granada in 1492; set out with three vessels, August 3, 1492; landed, October 12; discovered Cuba and Hayti, and reached home in March, 1493; sailed again in the autumn of 1493, and remained till 1496; made a third voyage, 1498; was imprisoned on charges of cruelty, and taken to Spain in chains; was soon released, and made his fourth and last voyage in 1502. [6] No portrait of Columbus has any claim to authenticity. There is no evidence that his likeness was drawn or painted by anyone who ever saw him. [7] The diary of Columbus, studied in connection with the possible landing places in the West Indies, shows that the vessels probably floated past Watling’s Island in the night of October 11, and that a landing was made the next morning on the west side of the island.