188-193. A Winter of Discouragement 144 194-198. Prospects Brighten 149 199-207. Conditions West of the Alleghanies 152 208-209. The Conquest of the Northwest 158 210-212. The Victories of Paul Jones 159 CHAPTER X.—THE CAMPAIGNS OF 1780 AND 1781. 213-214. The War in the South 162 215-220. The Treason of Benedict Arnold 164 221-223. Causes of Discouragement 167 224-228. American Successes in the South 168 229-237. The Close of the War 172 CHAPTER XI.—THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION AND THE CONSTITUTION. 238-243. Difficulties of Confederation 178 244-256. The Constitution 181 References 190 PART III.—THE ORGANIZATION OF POLITICAL PARTIES, 1789–1825. CHAPTER XII.—THE COUNTRY AT THE CLOSE OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 257-262. General Conditions 191 263-264. Spirit of the People 194 References 195 CHAPTER XIII.—THE ADMINISTRATIONS OF WASHINGTON, 1789–1797. 265-268. Early Legislation and Parties 196 269-274. Difficulties of Administration 200 References 204 CHAPTER XIV.—THE ADMINISTRATION OF JOHN ADAMS, 1797–1801. 275-281. A Period of Dissensions 205 References 210 CHAPTER XV.—THE ADMINISTRATIONS OF JEFFERSON, 1801–1809. 282-284. Jeffersonian Policy 211 285-295. Measures and Events 214 296-297. Character of Jefferson’s Statesmanship 222 References 224 CHAPTER XVI.—THE ADMINISTRATIONS OF MADISON, 1809–1817.