Social Science Text-Books EDITED BY RICHARD T. ELY A HISTORY OF TRADE UNIONISM IN THE UNITED STATES BY SELIG PERLMAN, PH.D. Assistant Professor of Economics in the University of Wisconsin; Co-author of the History of Labour in the United States New York THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 1922 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 1922 THE MACMILLAN COMPANY. Set up and electrotyped. October, 1922. AUTHOR'S PREFACE The present _History of Trade Unionism in the United States_ is in part a summary of work in labor history by Professor John R. Commons and collaborators at the University of Wisconsin from 1904 to 1918, and in part an attempt by the author to carry the work further. Part I of the present book is based on the _History of Labour in the United States_ by Commons and Associates (Introduction: John R. Commons; Colonial and Federal Beginnings, to 1827: David J. Saposs; Citizenship, 1827-1833: Helen L. Summer; Trade Unionism, 1833-1839: Edward B. Mittelman; Humanitarianism, 1840-1860: Henry E. Hoagland; Nationalization, 1860-1877: John B. Andrews; and Upheaval and Reorganization, 1876-1896: by the present author), published by the Macmillan Company in 1918 in two volumes. Part II, "The Larger Career of Unionism," brings the story from 1897 down to date; and Part III, "Conclusions and Inferences," is an attempt to bring together several of the general ideas suggested by the History. Chapter 12, entitled "An Economic Interpretation," follows the line of analysis laid down by Professor Commons in his study of the American shoemakers, 1648-1895.[1] The author wishes to express his strong gratitude to Professors Richard T. Ely and John R. Commons for their kind aid at every stage of this work. He also wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to Mr. Edwin E. Witte, Director of the Wisconsin State Legislative Reference Library, upon whose extensive and still unpublished researches he based his summary of the history of the injunction; and to Professor Frederick L. Paxson, who subjected the manuscript to criticism from the point of view of General American History. S.P. FOOTNOTE: [1] See his _Labor and Administration_, Chapter XIV (Macmillan, 1913). CONTENTS PAGE PREFACE v PART I. THE STRUGGLE FOR SURVIVAL CHAPTER 1 LABOR MOVEMENTS BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR (1) Early Beginnings, to 1827 8 (2) Equal Citizenship, 1827-1832 9 (3) The Period of the "Wild-Cat" Prosperity, 1833-1837 18 (4) The Long Depression, 1837-1862 29 2 THE "GREENBACK" PERIOD, 1862-1879 42 3 THE BEGINNING OF THE KNIGHTS OF LABOR AND OF THE AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR 68 4 REVIVAL AND UPHEAVAL, 1879-1887 81 5 THE VICTORY OF CRAFT UNIONISM AND THE FINAL FAILURE OF PRODUCERS' COOPERATION 106