I. THE CHAPLAIN'S FUNCTION 1 II. THE JEWISH HOLYDAYS OF 1918 IN THE A. E. F. 10 III. AT THE FRONT WITH THE TWENTY-SEVENTH DIVISION 27 IV. AFTER THE ARMISTICE 52 V. AT THE AMERICAN EMBARKATION CENTER 69 VI. THE JEWISH CHAPLAINS OVERSEAS 81 VII. THE JEWISH WELFARE BOARD IN THE A. E. F. 92 VIII. THE JEW AS A SOLDIER 114 IX. JEW AND CHRISTIAN AT THE FRONT 132 X. THE RELIGION OF THE JEWISH SOLDIER 145 XI. PREACHING TO SOLDIERS 160 XII. MORALE AND MORALS 170 XIII. THE MORAL GAIN AND LOSS OF THE SOLDIER 190 XIV. THE JEWISH SOLDIER AND JUDAISM 205 XV. THE JEWISH SOLDIER AND ANTI-SEMITISM 214 CHAPTER I THE CHAPLAIN'S FUNCTION In giving the story and the opinions of a Jewish chaplain in the American Expeditionary Forces, some statement is necessary of the work of the chaplains as a whole. Chaplains are an essential part of the organization of a modern army and it is notable that General Pershing repeatedly requested that the number of chaplains be doubled in the forces under his command. Hardly a narrative of soldiers' experiences exists without due place being given to the chaplain. In every army in France, chaplains were frequently cited for heroism and in innumerable instances suffered and died with the men in the ranks. There are two popular impressions of the purpose of the chaplain in the military service; the one sees him as a survival of mediaevalism, blessing the weapons of the men at arms; the other welcomes him as a faint harbinger of a dawning humanitarianism, one of the few men in an army who does not have to kill, but is there to save. Some people think of the physician and chaplain as having non-military work to do, as being a kind of concession to the pacific spirit of our generation. The actual work of the chaplain is quite as unknown to the general public. People wonder what he does between weekly sermons, much as they wonder what the minister or rabbi does during the six and a half days a week that he is not preaching. In fact, I have been greeted with frank or hidden incredulity whenever I admitted that in the army I used to preach up to fifteen times a week, but never had time to write a sermon. People wonder sometimes whether the soldiers and sailors can bear so much preaching, sometimes what else they demand of the chaplain. In fact, to the non-military mind the whole subject seems shrouded in mystery.