[160] It is just possible that some of the Portuguese doubted whether these Hindu Gods and images represented the saints of their own churches. Castanheda (i, p. 57) says that when João de Sá knelt down by the side of Vasco da Gama, he said: “If these be devils, I worship the true God”; at which his chief smiled. But however this may be, it is equally true that the reports furnished by the heads of the expedition described these Hindus as Christians, and that the king believed them to be so (see Appendix A). [161] The “quafees” are, of course, Brahman priests. The Rev. J. J. Jaus suggests _kāz_ (Arabic), meaning “judge”. [162] The “white earth” is a mixture of dust, cow-dung, sacrificial ashes, sandal wood, etc., cemented in rice-water (see Belnos, _The Sundya or Daily Prayer of the Brahmans_, Lond., 1851). [163] For a description of this palace, see _Travels of Pietro della Valle_ (Hakluyt Society, 1892), pp. 367-377. [164] Goes says that knives were used. [165] For Correa’s elaborate but quite untrustworthy narrative of this audience, see Stanley’s _Vasco da Gama_, pp. 193-6. [166] Atambor, a corruption of the Arabic _tambur_, the betel-nut. It is the fruit of Areca Catechu, and is universally chewed throughout India, the Indian Archipelago and Southern China. Its juice discolours the teeth, but is said to make the breath sweet, and to be conducive to health. “Erva” (herb) is quite inapplicable to this fruit. Usually it is cut up into four slices, which are wrapped up in a leaf of Betel-pepper (Piper Betle), and chewed with an admixture of lime and catechu. [167] These fruits were the Jack (_Artocarpus integrifolia_) and bananas. [168] According to Goes (c. 41), Gama was attended by his interpreter, Fernão Martins, whilst the king was attended by the head Brahman, his betel carrier, and his factor (veador da fazenda), who, he said, were persons in his confidence. [169] These are, of course, the letters referred to by Barros and other historians, which were given to Gama when he left Portugal. Correa’s story, that Vasco and his brother Paulo concocted the letters whilst off Calecut, and forged the king’s signature, is therefore quite incredible. Nor is Gama made to say in the “Roteiro” that he had been sent with a fleet of fifty ships, and that the voyage took two years (Stanley’s _Vasco da Gama_, pp. 168, 173). The “grand” Vasco has many sins to answer for, and we ought not, without good proof, to fasten upon him the charge of forgery. As to truthfulness, that seems not to have been a strong point with the diplomatists of that age. [170] That is, it was about 10 P.M. [171] This was done to afford shelter until the rain should have ceased. [172] It is still the practice in Calecut to ride horses without a saddle, and no slight seems therefore to have been intended.