_Persia._--The earliest coins of the Shahs of Persia (_e.g._ Plate IV. 10, reverse of a silver coin of Ismail I. (1502-1524 A.D.) struck at Meshhed in 924 A.H. (1518 A.D.)) are of the type instituted by Shah Rukh to which they may be traced through the Shaibanid coinage; the later Persian coins are smaller and thicker (Plate IV. 12, mohur of the great conqueror Nadir Shah (1736-1747 A.D.)). Plate IV. 11, a gold tuman of Fath-Ali Shah (1797-1834 A.D.), the first Shah with whom England entered into diplomatic relations, is a remarkable fine product of the Persian mint. Nasir-al-Din (1848-1896 A.D.) instituted a mint on the European model in Teheran, and struck coins with his portrait (_e.g._ Plate IV. 13, a gold tuman), or the Lion and Sun, on the obverse and his titles on the reverse. _Bukhara._--The coins of the Emirs of Bukhara, now under Russian suzerainty, are mainly of gold (_e.g._ Plate IV. 9, a gold tila of the fanatical Haidar Tora, 1800-1826 A.D.). _Afghanistan._--The Emirs (Durrani and Barakzai) of Afghanistan, who became independent of Persia in the eighteenth century, adopted the standards and types of their Moghul contemporaries. A mint on the European model has recently been established in Kabul, and its coins are rapidly replacing older issues. BIBLIOGRAPHY.--O. Codrington, _Musulman Numismatics_ (London, 1904); S. Lane-Poole, _Mohammadan Dynasties_ (London, 1894); British Museum Catalogue of Oriental Coins, vols, i.-x.; British Museum Catalogue of Persian Coins, _Shahs of Persia_ (1887); W. H. Valentine, _Copper Coins of Modern Muhammadan States_ (London, 1911); M. Longworth Dames, _Coins of the Durranis_ (_Numismatic Chronicle_, 1888); L. White King, _Coins of the Barakzais_ (_Numismatic Chronicle_, 1896). III.--COINS OF INDIA _Early Hindu Coins._--The earliest coins of India are square or oblong pieces of silver or copper punched with various symbols, the exact significance of which is not exactly known. They were probably made by money-changers or by the authority responsible for the purity of the coin. These pieces date from as early as the fourth century B.C. and circulated all over India (Plate V. 1). To a somewhat later date belong the coins of various native states in North India; these soon became profoundly influenced by the coinages of foreign invaders, and indeed it is only lately that the independent origin of coinage in India has been generally recognised (Plate V. 3, silver coin of the Kuninda king, Amoghabhuti, second century B.C.).