=America.= Visited by Northmen 10th century (see Massachusetts); mainland of the North sighted by John Cabot, 1497; discovered by Columbus during his third voyage, 1498; Vespucci accompanied Ojeda in expedition to, 1499 (there is uncertainty as to V.'s earlier voyage); further explorations of the east coast in 1498-9 by the Cabots; 1500-1 by the Cortereals; 1502 and 1504 by Columbus; 1524 by Verazzani; in 1500 Yañez Pinzon and Cabral discovered Brazil shortly after one another; 1513, Balboa crossed the isthmus of Panama and sighted the Pacific; other explorers of 16th-17th centuries: Cortés, Pizarro, Almagro, De Soto, Magalhaes, Cartier, Champlain, La Salle, Joliet, and Marquette; in the 18th the American travellers Lewis and Clarke, and Pike. The continent was first named after Amerigo Vespucci in a geographical work by Waldseemüller, 1507. =Anaquito=, Plains of, Ecuador, 0. 78W. Battle between Gonzalo Pizarro and Blasco Nuñez, Viceroy of Peru, and defeat and death of latter, 1546, (Prescott, 'Peru,' op. cit.) =Anastasia Island=, Florida. 29N. 81W. Ribault and his Huguenot followers massacred by Menendez, 1565. =Andes, The.= 18S. 65W. Passage of, by Pizarro, 1532. The highest summit is Aconcagua, in the Chilian Andes, ascended by Zurbriggen, 1897; a partial ascent of Chimborazo was made by Humboldt and Bonpland, 1802; Edward Whymper was the first to reach the summit, 1880; ascent of Cotopaxi by Thielmann, 1878; by Whymper, 1880; ascents of other heights were made by Conway, 1898. =Angostura= (Ciudad Bolivar), Venezuela. 8N. 63W. F. by Jesuits, 1576, and formerly known as S. Tomas de Nueva Guayana; present name derived from the liberator Bolivar, who here held the congress which converted New Grenada and Venezuela into the single state of Colombia, 1819. =Annapolis=, Maryland. 39N. 76W. Settled by Puritans from Massachusetts under Durand, 1649; formerly known as Providence; present name given in honour of Queen Anne; tea burned in harbour by American patriots, 1774; convention for establishing temporary government, 1775. Bp. J. H. Alexander, scientist (1812-67). =Annapolis= (former Port Royal), Nova Scotia. 44N. 65W. F. by French, 1604; several times captured by English in following years; by Sir W. Phipps, 1690; again in 1710, and finally ceded to Great Britain, when the change of name took place. =Anticosti=, island, Canada. 49N. 63W. Discovered by Cartier, 1534. =Antietam Creek=, near Sharpsburg. 39N. 77W. Battle between McClellan and Lee, the former remaining victor, Sept. 16-17, 1862 (Civil W.). =Antigua=, West Indies. 17N. 61W. Discovered by Columbus, 1493. =Appomattox= Court House, Virginia. 37N. 78W. Surrender of the Confederate Gen. Lee to Gen. Grant, 1865. =Apurimac=, river, Peru. 13S. 73W. Perilous passage of, effected by Gasca's army, 1548. (Prescott, 'Peru,' op. cit.) =Aquidaban=, river, Paraguay. 20S. 55W. Paraguayans defeated at, and the despot Lopez killed, 1870 (war with Brazil).