The words which are common to the Germanic and the Celtic languages belong either to the art of government, political institutions, and law, or else to the art of war. These d'Arbois de Jubainville divides into two classes--those which can be phonetically proved to be of Celtic origin, and those which, though almost certainly of Celtic origin, yet cannot be proved to be so to actual demonstration. Such important German words[22] as _Reich_ and _Amt_ are beyond all doubt Celtic loan-words, as are probably such familiar vocables as _Bann, frei, Eid, Geisel, leihen, Erbe, Werth,_[23] all terms relating to law and government, imposed on or borrowed by the conquered Germans. From the Celts come also all such words concerning war and fighting as are common to both nations, such as _Held, Heer, Sieg, Beute_. From the Celts too come names of domiciles, as _Burg, Dorf, Zaun,_ also of localities as _Land, Flur, Furt,_ and the English _wood_, and of domestic aids as _Pferd, Beil,_ and the Anglo-Saxon _Vîr_ (a torque). They too seem to have been the first in Northern Europe to have practised the art of medicine, for from the Celtic comes the Gothic _lēkeis_--English _leech_.[24] Certain other domestic words, such as _Eisen, Loth,_ and _Leder_, both races have in common. Despite the long subjection of the Germans they never lost their language, nor were they assimilated by the conquering race, a fate from which they were probably preserved, as we have said, by the complete difference of their sacred customs. There is hardly one name in all the Teutonic theogony which even faintly resembles a Celtic one.[25] Their funeral rites were different, the Germans burning, but the Celts burying their dead. Their systems of priesthood were absolutely different, that of the Celts being always an institution distinct from the kingship, while that of the Germans was for centuries vested in the head of the tribe or family. The priests of the Germans, even after the functions of priesthood had been severed from those of kingship, still exercised criminal jurisdiction, and even in the army a soldier could not be punished without their sanction. On the other hand the milder druids of the Celts appear to have never taken part in the judgment of delinquents against the State. Cæsar makes no mention of their ever acting as judges in criminal cases. The culprit guilty or treason was not put to death by them but by the citizens--_ab civitate_.[26]