[12] See Livy's account of Ambicatus, who seems to have been a kind of Celtic Charlemagne, or more probably the equivalent of the Irish _ard-righ_. Livy probably exaggerates his importance. [13] Cf. the remarkable verses quoted by d'Arbois de Jubainville of Scymnus of Chio, following Ephorus: "Χρῶνται δὲ Κελτοὶ τοῖς ἔθεσιν ῾Ελληνικοῖς ἔχοντες οἰκειότατα πρὸς τὴν ῾Ελλάδα διὰ τὰς ὑποδοχὰς τῶν ἐπιξενουμένων." [14] By this war the newly-arrived bands drove out the Etruscan aristocracy and took its place, ruling over a population of what were really their Celtic kinsmen. [15] The Táin Bo Chuailgne. [16] [Κελτοὺς] ἀπέπεμψε, τοσοῦτον ὑπειπὠν ὅτι ἀλαζόνεσ Κελτοί (Arrian, bk. i. chap. iv.). [17] _See_ Livy, book v. chap, xxxvi.: "Ibi, jam urgentibus Romanam urbem fatis, legati contra jus gentium arma capiunt, nec id clam esse potuit, quum ante signa Etruscorum tres nobilissimi fortissimi-que Romanæ juventutis pugnarent. Tantum eminebat peregrina virtus. Quin etiam Q. Fabius erectus extra aciem equo, ducem Gallorum, ferociter in ipsa signa Etruscorum incursantem, per latus transfixum hastâ, occidit: spolia-que ejus legentem Galli agnovere, perque totem aciem Romanum legatum esse signum datum est. Omissâ inde in Clusinos irâ, receptui canunt minantes Romanis." It was the refusal of the Romans to give satisfaction for this outrage that first brought the Gauls upon them. Jubainville rejects as fabulous the self-contradicting accounts of Livy about Roman wars with the Celts during the next forty years after the storming of Rome. [18] _Réin_=a primitive _rēni_. It occurs in the Amra Colum-cilli, meaning "of the sea." [19] D'Arbois de Jubainville's "Premiers Habitants de l'Europe," book iii. chap. iii. §15. [20] D'Arbois de Jubainville, _ibid._ [21] "Some of the oldest and deepest morphological changes in Aryan speech are those which affect the Celto-Italic language. Such are the formation of a new passive, a new future, and a new perfect. Hence it is believed that the Celto-Italic languages may have separated from the rest while the other Aryan languages remained united." Taylor's "Origin of the Aryans," p. 257. Mr. Taylor is here alluding to the passive in _r_ and the future in _bo_, but my friend, M. Georges Dottin, in his laborious and ample volume published last year, "Les désinences en R," has shown that the _r_-passives, at least, are, in Italic and Celtic, independent creations.