SECOND BOOK.--History of the Persian monarchy, from B. C. 560 to 330. THIRD BOOK.--History of the Grecian states, both in Greece and other parts, to the time of Alexander, B. C. 336. FOURTH BOOK.--History of the Macedonian monarchy, and of the kingdoms which arose out of its division, until they merged into the Roman empire. FIFTH BOOK.--History of the Roman state, both as a commonwealth and a monarchy, until the fall of the western empire, A. D. 476. * * * * * MANUAL OF ANCIENT HISTORY. * * * * * THE FIRST BOOK. HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS OF THE EARLIER ASIATIC AND AFRICAN KINGDOMS AND STATES, PREVIOUS TO CYRUS, OR THE RISE OF THE PERSIAN MONARCHY. I.--ASIATIC NATIONS. _General Preliminary Remarks on the Geography of Asia._ See the Introduction to Heeren's Researches into the Politics and Commerce of the Nations of Antiquity, prefixed to vol. 1 of the African Nations. Oxford, 1831. 1. Asia is the largest and the most favourably situated of the great divisions of the globe. Its superficial contents are 11,200,000 square geogr. miles; while those of Africa do not exceed 4,780,000; and those of Europe are not more than 2,560,000. As to situation, it comprises the greatest portion of the northern temperate zone. Compare it, in this point of view, with the other quarters of the globe, especially Africa.--Advantages over the latter, in consequence of the convenience of its indented shores--of its surrounding fruitful islands--of its deep gulfs and large streams--the few sandy deserts in its interior. 2. Natural features, and consequent division of the land, according to the course of the larger mountain chains and of the principal rivers. Two great mountain chains run from west to east; in the north, the Altai, (nameless in antiquity): in the south, Taurus.--Branches of both: the Caucasus, between the Black and Caspian seas: Imaus extending along the golden desert (desert of Cobi): the Paropamisus, on the north of India: the Ural (nameless in antiquity).--Of the rivers remarkable in ancient history, there are four flowing from north to south, namely, the Euphrates and Tigris, which fall into the Persian gulf; the Indus and Ganges, which fall into the Indian sea: two which run from east to west, and discharged their waters into the Caspian sea, (but now into the sea of Aral,) namely, the Oxus (or Jihon) and the Jaxartes (or Sirr). 3. This quarter of the globe is accordingly divided into Northern Asia, comprising the regions north of Altai; Central Asia, or the countries between the Altai and Taurus; and Southern Asia, or the lands south of Taurus. 4. Northern Asia, between the 76th and 50th parallels of north latitude, (Asiatic Russia and Siberia,) was almost, though not entirely, unknown in antiquity.--Some obscure hints, though partly true, respecting it, are found in Herodotus, the father of history.