Origin of the Chaldaeans: whether that name was applied to a distinct nation, or to the northern nomads in general?--Line of Chaldaean kings. In the enumeration of these rulers, as given by Ptolemy, this line begins with Nabonassar, and the era bearing the name of that sovereign, which commences in the year B. C. 747: (probably because, under the reign of that prince, the adoption of the Egyptian solar year first introduced among the Chaldaeans an exact method of reckoning time). Neither Nabonassar himself, nor his twelve immediate successors, are remarkable in history: the six last alone deserve notice. 1. Nabopolassar, 627-604. Settlement in Babylon; and complete establishment of the Chaldaeo-Babylonian dominion, by his victory over Pharaoh-Nechoh, near Circesium, in 604. 2. Nebuchadnezzar, 604-561. Brilliant period of the Chaldaeo-Babylonian empire. He conquers Phoenicia and Old Tyre about 586: Jerusalem in 587; probable irruptions into Egypt. Construction of immense buildings and canals in and about Babylon. Rapid decline of the empire after his death, under--3. Evil-Merodach, 561-559. 4. Neriglissar, (probably the contemporary of Herodotus's Nitocris;)--555. Labosoarchad murdered, after a few months' reign. Nabonadius, (Herodotus's Labynetus; and probably the Chaldaean Belshazzar;) 555-538. attacked and conquered by Cyrus. Sack of Babylon by the Persians, 538. See the section concerning the Babylonians in A. H. L. HEEREN'S _Historical Researches_, vol. i, part. 2. _Contemporary_: Jews, last sovereigns of the kingdom of Judah.--Greeks, Solon, Pisistratus.--Romans, Tarquinius Priscus and Servius Tullius. IV. _States and kingdoms in Asia Minor._ The number and variety of the inhabitants of this peninsula, was probably the reason why they never became united into one empire. The most important nations among them, were the Carians in the west; the Phrygians in the centre, reaching as far as the Halys; the Syro-Cappadocians beyond the Halys; and the Thracians in Bithynia. Nevertheless we find here but three kingdoms deserving notice--the Trojan, the Phrygian, and the Lydian. 1. The Trojan empire comprised western Mysia: its history consists of mere traditions contained in poets, with very uncertain chronological data. Kings: Teucer, about 1400.--Dardanus--Erichthonius--Tros (Troja)--Ilus (Ilium)--Laomedon--Priam. The destruction of Troy, after a ten years' war, occurred, it is probable, B. C. 1190. _Contemporary_: Jews, time of the Judges: before the foundation of Rome, 450 years. 2. The Phrygian empire.--Almost all the kings were named Midas and Gordius; their succession cannot be accurately determined. After the death of the last, called Midas V., Phrygia became a province of the Lydian empire, about 560.