This line of kings, which we derive from Menander through Josephus, commences with Abical, the contemporary of David, about B. C. 1050. The most remarkable among them are: Hiram, the successor of Abical;--Ethbaal I. about 920;--Pygmalion, Dido's brother, about 900;--Ethbaal II. in whose reign Tyre was sacked by Nebuchadnezzar, 586.--Foundation of New Tyre--republican constitution under suffetes: tributary kings under the Persian rule;--conquest of New Tyre by Alexander, 332. The flourishing period of Phoenicia in general, and of Tyre in particular, falls therefore between 1000-332. _Contemporary_ in inner Asia: monarchies of the Assyrians, Medes, and the Babylonians. Jews: period of the kings after David. Greeks: from Homer to Solon. Romans: period of their kings in the last two centuries. 3. During this period the Phoenicians spread themselves by the establishment of colonies; some of which, particularly Carthage, became as powerful as the mother states. General ideas concerning colonization.--1. Colonies are absolutely necessary to every seafaring and commercial people, whenever their trade extends to distant countries. 2. They have likewise been established for the purpose of providing for the excessive increase of the poor. 3. And they have sometimes arisen from political commotion, when the malcontents, either from free will, or force, have forsaken their country, and sought new settlements in distant regions. 4. Geographical sketch of the Phoenician colonies. They possessed, at a very early period, most of the islands of the Archipelago; from which, however, they were subsequently expelled by the Greeks. The principal countries in which they had settlements were the south of Spain (Tartessus, Gades, Carteia); the north coast of Africa, west of the Lesser Syrtis (Utica, Carthage, Adrumetum); and the north-western coast of Sicily (Panormus, Lilybaeum). It is likewise highly probable that they formed settlements towards the east in the Persian gulf, on the islands of Tylos and Aradus (Bahrein).