VOL. VII. * Handbuch der Geschichte der Staaten des Alterthums. (Manual of Ancient History, of which this volume is the second edition of the English translation). VOL. VIII. IX. * Handbuch der Geschichte der europaeische Staaten-systems und seiner Colonien. (Manual of the History of the European States-system and their Colonies). VOL. X. * Ideen ueber die Politik, den Verkehr und den Handel des vornehmsten Staaten der alten Welt. (Researches into the Politics, Intercourse, and Trade of the Principal States of Antiquity,--Asiatic Nations). 1. General Introduction; 2. Persians. VOL. XI. * Ideen, etc. (Asiatic Nations). 1. Phoenicians; 2. Babylonians; 3. Scythians. VOL. XII. * Ideen, etc. (Asiatic Nations). Indians. VOL. XIII. * Ideen, etc. (African Nations). 1. Carthaginians; 2. Ethiopians. VOL. XIV. * Ideen, etc. (African Nations). Egyptians. VOL. XV. * Ideen, etc. (European Nations). Greeks. Those with a * prefixed are translated into English, and are either now published or will very shortly be so. PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. In adding to the number of Manuals on Ancient History already published, I feel myself bound to give an account of the plan on which the present has been executed. It was at first designed to be used in my public lectures, and from them it has grown up to what it now is. In them I did not consider it necessary to state all we know or think we know of ancient history. Many facts highly interesting to the learned historian are not adapted for public lectures. It was therefore my great object to make choice of such incidents as ought to be known by my pupils in order to the effectual prosecution of their historical studies. Consequently I have not extended my labours so far as to give an historical account of every nation, but have limited myself to those most remarkable for their general civilization and political eminence. The subjects to which I have particularly directed my attention are, the formation of states, the changes in their constitution, the routes by which commerce was carried on, the share which the different nations respectively took in its pursuit, and, as immediately connected with that department, their extension severally by means of colonies. The favourable reception which my larger work, executed after a different plan, has met with, would lead me to hope for a like indulgence in this new attempt, even if the spirit of the age did not so loudly call upon every historian to direct his chief attention to these subjects. And for this reason I could not rest satisfied with a mere detail of isolated facts, but have made it my study to follow the course of events, linking them into one connected chain; so as to represent them in a condensed form by continually and carefully forcing together the main circumstances which contributed to the development of the whole.