47½ | 0.99 | 4.75 48 | 1.0 | 4.8 _Test_.--Three cubic centimeters of 10 per cent. solution of ferrocyanid of potassium and 2 cubic centimeters of 50 per cent. acetic acid are added to 10 cubic centimeters of the urine in the percentage tube and _stood aside for ten minutes_, then placed in the centrifuge and revolved at rate of speed and time as stated at head of the table. If albumin is excessive, dilute the urine with water until volume of albumin falls below 10 per cent. Multiply result by the number of dilutions employed before using the table. * * * * * {76} (2) Mucin (Nucleo-albumin).--Traces of the substances which are loosely classed under this name are present in normal urine; increased amounts are observed in irritations and inflammations of the mucous membrane of the urinary tract. They are of interest chiefly because they may be mistaken for albumin in most of the tests. If the urine be diluted with water and acidified with acetic acid, the appearance of a white cloud indicates the presence of mucin. (3) Albumoses.--These are intermediate products in the digestion of proteids. They have been observed in the urine in febrile and malignant diseases and chronic suppurations, but their clinical significance is indefinite. The following is a simple test: Mix equal parts of the urine, which has been strongly acidified with acetic acid, and a saturated solution of sodium chlorid. A white cloud, which appears upon moderate heating and disappears upon boiling, shows the presence of albumose. If the cloud increases upon boiling, albumin is present and should be removed by filtering while hot. The cloud due to albumose will reappear as the filtrate cools. 2. Sugars.--Various sugars may at times be found in the urine. Glucose is by far the most common, and is the only one of clinical importance. Levulose, lactose, and some others are occasionally met with. (1) Glucose (Dextrose).--It is probable that traces of glucose, too small to respond to the ordinary tests, are present in the urine in health. Its presence in appreciable amount constitutes "glycosuria." _Transitory_ glycosuria is unimportant, and may occur in many conditions, as after general anesthesia and {77} administration of certain drugs, in pregnancy, and following shock and head injuries. _Persistent_ glycosuria has been noted in brain injuries involving the floor of the fourth ventricle. As a rule, however, persistent glycosuria is diagnostic of diabetes mellitus, of which disease it is the essential symptom. The amount of glucose eliminated in diabetes is usually considerable, and is sometimes very large, reaching 500 gm., or even more in twenty-four hours, but it does not bear any uniform relation to the severity of the disease. Glucose may, on the other hand, be almost or entirely absent temporarily.