Chemical and mechanical deposits--Cementing together of particles--Hardening by exposure to air--Concretionary nodules--Consolidating effects of pressure--Mineralization of organic remains--Impressions and casts how formed--Fossil wood--Goeppert's experiments--Precipitation of stony matter most rapid where putrefaction is going on--Source of lime in solution--Silex derived from decomposition of felspar--Proofs of the lapidification of some fossils soon after burial, of others when much decayed 33 CHAPTER V. ELEVATION OF STRATA ABOVE THE SEA--HORIZONTAL AND INCLINED STRATIFICATION. Why the position of marine strata, above the level of the sea, should be referred to the rising up of the land, not to the going down of the sea--Upheaval of extensive masses of horizontal strata--Inclined and vertical stratification--Anticlinal and synclinal lines--Bent strata in east of Scotland--Theory of folding by lateral movement--Creeps--Dip and strike--Structure of the Jura--Various forms of outcrop--Rocks broken by flexure--Inverted position of disturbed strata--Unconformable stratification--Hutton and Playfair on the same--Fractures of strata--Polished surfaces--Faults--Appearance of repeated alternations produced by them--Origin of great faults Page 44 CHAPTER VI. DENUDATION. Denudation defined--Its amount equal to the entire mass of stratified deposits in the earth's crust--Horizontal sandstone denuded in Ross-shire--Levelled surface of countries in which great faults occur--Coalbrook Dale--Denuding power of the ocean during the emergence of land--Origin of Valleys--Obliteration of sea-cliffs--Inland sea-cliffs and terraces in the Morea and Sicily--Limestone pillars at St. Mihiel, in France--in Canada--in the Bermudas 66 CHAPTER VII. ALLUVIUM. Alluvium described--Due to complicated causes--Of various ages, as shown in Auvergne--How distinguished from rocks _in situ_--River-terraces--Parallel roads of Glen Roy--Various theories respecting their origin 79 CHAPTER VIII. CHRONOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS. Aqueous, plutonic, volcanic, and metamorphic rocks, considered chronologically--Lehman's division into primitive and secondary--Werner's addition of a transition class--Neptunian theory--Hutton on igneous origin of granite--How the name of primary was still retained for granite--The term "transition," why faulty--The adherence to the old chronological nomenclature retarded the progress of geology--New hypothesis invented to reconcile the igneous origin of granite to the notion of its high antiquity--Explanation of the chronological nomenclature adopted in this work, so far as regards primary, secondary, and tertiary periods 89 CHAPTER IX. ON THE DIFFERENT AGES OF THE AQUEOUS ROCKS.