and freckles; lower primary-coverts and quills below dusky brown, with whitish spots on the edges of the inner secondaries. 'Basal half of bill olive-brown, terminal half black; legs and feet pale greenish; claws dark horn-color; iris brown.' (Oates.) Length, 216; culmen, 29; wing, 12; tail, 47; tarsus, 35. "Adult female.--Similar to the male. 'Bill blackish, olive at the base of lower mandible; feet olive; iris very dark brown.' (Butler.) Length, 203; wing, 124; tail, 48; culmen, 28; tarsus, 38. "Adult male in summer plumage.--More variegated than in winter, the back being uniform dark brown, with large notches of white on both webs, and having very distinct white edges to scapulars and inner wing-coverts; long upper tail-coverts barred with dusky blackish and resembling the center tail-feathers; head and neck streaked with white; sides of face, lower throat, and fore neck very distinctly and broadly streaked with blackish brown centers to the feathers; sides of body and under tail-coverts mottled with cross-bars of blackish brown; the axillars narrowly barred with blackish brown. 'Bill blackish olive, below at base lighter brownish olive; feet light grayish olive; iris dark brown.' (Stejneger.) Length, 178; culmen, 33; wing, 124; tail, 47; tarsus, 35. "Young after first molt.--Differs from the adults in being closely spotted on the upper surface, but the spots more or less rufescent; lower throat and chest ashy as in the winter plumage of the adults, but the dusky brown stripes very distinct and invading sides of body; axillars pure white, or with the merest trace of brown frecklings. 'Bill dusky brown, inclining to greenish olive toward base; feet greenish olive, iris blackish brown.' (Butler.) "In the breeding season the white spots on the upper surface become much worn and abraded, so that the general appearance of the back is very uniform; the mottling on the fore neck and chest becomes very distinct by reason of the abrasion of the white margins of the feathers, and the axillars are completely barred across with brown." (Sharpe.) Subfamily SCOLOPACINÆ. This subfamily contains all of the snipes and a number of small sandpipers; the toes are without webs, otherwise many of the genera might easily fall in the subfamily Totaninæ. Genera. a1. Culmen equal to or less than tarsus. b1. No hind toe. ... Calidris (p. 132) b2. Hind toe present. c1. Tarsus about equal to middle toe with claw. ... Pisobia (p. 133) c2. Tarsus longer than middle toe with claw. ... Heteropygia (p. 138) a2. Culmen longer than tarsus. b1. Eye not placed far back in the head; ear opening well behind posterior margin of eye. c1. Larger; wing more than 150 mm.; culmen more than 40 mm. ... Tringa (p. 141) c2. Smaller; wing less than 130 mm.; culmen less than 40 mm.