d1. Bill slender, upper mandible narrow, its tip slightly expanded; upper tail-coverts white. ... Erolia (p. 139) d2. Bill broad and flat; end of upper mandible decidedly decurved, its tip pointed; upper tail-coverts not white. ... Limicola (p. 142) b2. Eye placed well back in head; ear opening just below hinder margin of eye. c1. Tarsus less than middle toe with claw; culmen nearly twice the length of tarsus; culmen straight. ... Gallinago (p. 143) c2. Tarsus more than middle toe with claw and but little less than culmen; culmen decidedly decurved at its tip. ... Rostratula (p. 147) Genus CALIDRIS Illiger, 1811. Bill straight, slightly expanded at tip, culmen about equal to tarsus and longer than middle toe with claw; hind toe wanting. 112. CALIDRIS LEUCOPHÆA (Pallas). SANDERLING. Tringa leucophæa Pallas, in Vroeg's Catal. (1764), 32. Trynga alba Pallas, Vroeg's Catal. Adumbr. (1764), 7; Sherborn, Smiths. Misc. Colls. (1905), 47, 341. Tringa arenaria Linnæus, Syst. Nat. ed. 12 (1766), 1, 251. Calidris arenaria Oates, Bds. Brit. Burmah (1885), 2, 398; Cat. Birds' Eggs (1902), 2, 52; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1896), 24, 526; Hand-List (1899), 1, 163. Calidris alba Richmond, Smiths. Misc. Colls. (1905), 47, 347. Calidris abba McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 27 (error). Calidris leucophæa A. O. U. Committee, Auk (1908), 25, 367. Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor). Arctic regions; in winter to Africa, South America, Marshall Islands, Indian Peninsula to Australia. "Winter plumage.--Forehead, face, and the whole lower plumage pure white; crown, nape, hind neck, back, and scapulars pale ashy, the crown with well-defined black shaft-streaks, the other parts with narrower and less distinct shaft-streaks; wing-coverts blackish, the median and greater coverts broadly edged with white; primaries dark brown, blacker on the tips and outer webs, the shafts white, a portion of the outer webs of the later ones white; secondaries black, whitish at base and tipped with white; tertiaries rather broadly edged with white; tail pale brown on the outer webs, more or less white on the inner. 'Iris dark brown; bill, legs, feet, and claws black.' (Armstrong.) Length, 190; tail, 51; wing, 122; tarsus, 25; bill from gape, 28." (Oates.) "Male in summer plumage.--Differs from the winter plumage in being mottled and not uniform, the upper surface being cinnamon-rufous, mottled with black centers to the feathers, which have hoary whitish or ashy edges; the inner secondaries cinnamon-rufous like the scapulars and back; sides of lower back and lateral upper tail-coverts pure white; sides of face, throat, and sides of breast deep cinnamon-rufous, mottled with black centers to the feathers; rest of under surface white. Length, 165; culmen, 23; wing, 124; tail, 48; tarsus, 23; middle toe with claw, 19.