d1. Edge of mandibles distinctly serrated, a faintly indicated notch near tip of upper mandible. e1. Head crested, nape feathers elongated and ornamented; plumage of fore neck long but not disintegrated; no dorsal train; plumage uniform gray, or else, neck mostly white and crest black. ... Ardea (p. 163) e2. Head crested, without ornamental plumes; fore neck with disintegrated plumes; an immense dorsal train; plumage white. ... Mesophoyx (p. 165) d2. Edge of mandible not serrated; a distinct subterminal notch in upper mandible. e1. Bill shorter; culmen not exceeding middle toe with claw. f1. No crest plumes; a well-developed dorsal train; plumage white. ... Herodias (p. 166) e2. Bill longer; culmen exceeding middle toe with claw; plumage white. ... Egretta (p. 167) b2. Bare portion of tibio-tarsus less than inner toe; feathering sometimes extending nearly to the heel. c1. Bill without serrations in either mandible; upper mandible with a distinct notch just before the end. d1. Culmen longer than tarsus, the latter longer than middle toe; plumage very dark slate-color. ... Demigretta (p. 168) d2. Culmen not longer than tarsus; two or three elongated nape plumes. e1. Tarsus and culmen about equal; two or three elongated nape plumes very slender. ... Nycticorax (p. 169) e2. Tarsus decidedly longer than culmen; nape plumes wider. ... Gorsachius (p. 172) c2. Bill with distinct serrations near its end, sometimes only the upper mandible serrated; subterminal notch obsolete. d1. Bill moderately long, exceeding middle toe with claw; plumage more or less variegated. ... Butorides (p. 174) d2. Bill shorter than middle toe with claw; plumage white. ... Bubulcus (p. 177) a2. Rectrices ten; plumage more or less mottled or streaked, never white. b1. Exposed culmen equal to or more than middle toe without claw; size much smaller; wing less than 220 mm. c1. Culmen more than tarsus. [17] d1. Smaller; wing less than 160 mm. ... Ixobrychus (p. 178) d2. Larger; wing more than 180 mm. ... Dupetor (p. 182) c2. Culmen equal to or less than tarsus. ... Nannocnus (p. 180) b2. Exposed culmen much less than middle toe without claw; size much greater; wing more than 260 mm. ... Botaurus (p. 183) Genus PYRRHERODIA Finsch and Hartlaub, 1870. This genus of large herons is distinguished by having the claws very long; hind toe contains its claw one and two-thirds times; tarsus contains the hind toe with claw one and one-half times. 134. PYRRHERODIA MANILENSIS (Meyen). EASTERN PURPLE HERON.