The Roman Power in the Seventeenth Century -- Rise of the Jesuits -- Rapid Spread of the Jesuits -- Extraordinary Virtues of the older Jesuits -- The Constitution of the Jesuits -- Degeneracy of the Jesuits -- Evils in the Jesuit System -- The Popes in the Seventeenth Century -- Nepotism of the Popes -- Rome in the Seventeenth Century. CHAPTER X. THIRTY YEARS' WAR. (pp. 108-119.) Political Troubles after the Death of Luther -- Diet of Augsburg -- Commencement of the Thirty Years' War -- The Emperor Frederic -- Count Wallenstein -- Character of Wallenstein -- Gustavus Adolphus -- Loss of Magdeburg -- Wallenstein reinstated in Power -- Death of Gustavus Adolphus -- Assassination of Wallenstein -- Treaty of Westphalia. CHAPTER XI. ADMINISTRATIONS OF CARDINALS RICHELIEU AND MAZARIN. (pp. 120-132.) Regency of Mary de Medicis -- Rise of Cardinal de Richelieu -- Suppression of the Huguenots -- The Depression of the great Nobles -- Power of Richelieu -- Character of Richelieu -- Effects of Richelieu's Policy -- Richelieu's Policy -- Cardinal de Retz -- Prince of Conde -- Power of Mazarin -- Death of Mazarin. CHAPTER XII. THE REIGNS OF JAMES I. AND CHARLES. (pp. 133-180.) Accession of James I. -- The Genius of the Reign of James -- Conspiracy of Sir Walter Raleigh -- Gunpowder Plot -- Persecution of the Catholics -- Robert Carr, Earl of Somerset -- Greatness and Fall of Somerset -- Duke of Buckingham -- Lord Bacon -- Trial and Execution of Raleigh -- Encroachments of James -- Quarrel between James and Parliament -- Death of James -- The Struggle of Classes -- Rise of Popular Power -- Quarrel between the King and the Commons -- The Counsellors of Charles -- Death of Buckingham -- Petition of Right -- Earl of Strafford -- John Hampden -- Insurrection in Scotland -- Long Parliament -- Rebellion of Ireland -- Flight of the King from London -- Rise of the Puritans -- Original Difficulties and Differences -- Persecution during the Reign of Elizabeth -- Archbishops Grindal and Whitgift -- Persecution under James -- Puritans in Exile -- Troubles in Scotland -- Peculiarities of Puritanism in England -- Conflicts among the Puritans -- Character of the Puritans -- John Hampden -- Oliver Cromwell -- The King at Oxford -- Cromwell after the Battle of Marston Moor -- Enthusiasm of the Independents -- Battle of Naseby -- Success of the Parliamentary Army -- Seizure of the King -- Triumph of the Independents -- Cromwell invades Scotland -- Seizure of the King a second Time -- Trial of the King. CHAPTER XIII. PROTECTORATE OF OLIVER CROMWELL. (pp. 181-191.) Storming of Drogheda and Wexford -- Battle of Worcester -- Policy of Cromwell -- The Rump Parliament -- Dispersion of the Parliament Cromwell assumes the Protectorship -- The Dutch War -- Cromwell rules without a Parliament -- The Protectorate -- Regal Government restored. CHAPTER XIV. THE REIGN OF CHARLES II. (pp. 192-210.)