A Philosophical Essay on Probabilities — John Shaqi
A Philosophical Essay on ProbabilitiesLaplace, Pierre Simon, marquis de
Philosophy
A Philosophical Essay on Probabilities
Laplace, Pierre Simon, marquis de
Probabilities
About the same time Moivre was considering under the name of recurring
series the equations of finite differences of a certain order having a
constant coefficient. He succeeded in integrating them in a very
ingenious manner. As it is always interesting to follow the progress of
inventors, I shall expound the method of Moivre by applying it to a
recurring series whose relation among three consecutive terms is given.
First he considers the relation among the consecutive terms of a
geometrical progression or the equation of two terms which expresses it.
Referring it to terms less than unity, he multiplies it in this state by
a constant factor and subtracts the product from the first equation.
Thus he obtains an equation among three consecutive terms of the
geometrical progression. Moivre considers next a second progression
whose ratio of terms is the same factor which he has just used. He
diminishes similarly by unity the index of the terms of the equation of
this new progression. In this condition he multiplies it by the ratio of
the terms of the first progression, and he subtracts the product from
the equation of the second progression, which gives him among three
consecutive terms of this progression a relation entirely similar to
that which he has found for the first progression. Then he observes that
if one adds term by term the two progressions, the same ratio exists
among any three of these consecutive terms. He compares the coefficients
of this ratio to those of the relation of the terms of the proposed
recurrent series, and he finds for determining the ratios of the two
geometrical progressions an equation of the second degree, whose roots
are these ratios. Thus Moivre decomposes the recurrent series into two
geometrical progressions, each multiplied by an arbitrary constant which
he determines by means of the first two terms of the recurrent series.
This ingenious process is in fact the one that d'Alembert has since
employed for the integration of linear equations of infinitely small
differences with constant coefficients, and Lagrange has transformed
into similar equations of finite differences.
Finally, I have considered the linear equations of partial finite
differences, first under the name of _recurro-recurrent_ series and
afterwards under their own name. The most general and simplest manner of
integrating all these equations appears to me that which I have based
upon the consideration of discriminant functions, the idea of which is
here given.
If we conceive a function _V_ of a variable _t_ developed according to
the powers of this variable, the coefficient of any one of these powers
will be a function of the exponent or index of this power, which index I
shall call _x_. _V_ is what I call the discriminant function of this
coefficient or of the function of the index.
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