Whether this advance was his own idea or whether it was prematurely ordered from St. Petersburg was not positively known, but it began with an oratorical proclamation to the army that the time had come for Russia to take the initiative and force Japan to do her bidding. Kuropatkin’s force numbered nearly 300,000 men, his artillery was said to be superior to the Japanese, and it was plain that the fight was to be on as vast if not a vaster scale than that at Liao-Yang. For a time there were a few slight Russian successes, and after sharp fighting Kuropatkin succeeded in capturing Bentziaputze, about half-way between Liao-Yang and Mukden and on the Japanese right. The offensive movement was directed along the whole Japanese line, extending about thirty miles from Bentziaputze westward to the Sha-Ho. For nearly a fortnight fierce fighting continued, a test of endurance on both sides, until the Russians were finally obliged to retreat, leaving behind many guns and having lost, it was estimated, some sixty thousand men. The Japanese losses were about twenty thousand. Desultory engagements continued through October and November, in the midst of heavy rains, until the cold set in in earnest, and both armies went into winter quarters. In zero weather the two armies faced each other, burrowing underground in their dugouts, in many places so close to each other that the sentries could almost call one to another. The time was spent in target practice, in chopping up wood to be used for building and for making charcoal, and in drilling the recruits who were sent up to refill the shattered regiments. The quarters in which the armies found shelter were dugouts roofed over with logs, kowliang, and earth. That same attention to detail which was characteristic of the Japanese army during the campaign was as noticeable now that they were idle. There were even hot baths for the soldiers. Earthenware jars were sunk in the ground much like the Russian soup kettles. Water was heated in these and baths could be taken as in so many vertical bathtubs. During the lull in the fighting there was a celebration in honor of the successes on the Sha-Ho at which there was a target-shoot between the military attaches. Meanwhile the Baltic fleet was pursuing its slow journey to the Orient, and the army of General Nogi was closing-in on Port Arthur. [Illustration: STAFF OF THE SECOND DIVISION AT THE BATTLE OF THE SHA-HO ] [Illustration: GENERAL SIR IAN HAMILTON, BRITISH ATTACHÉ, WITH GENERAL KUROKI ] [Illustration: GENERAL NISHIJIMA AND STAFF VIEWING THE FIGHT FROM A BOMB-PROOF ] [Illustration: RUSSIANS SHELLING VILLAGE OF CHONG-JU ON OCTOBER TENTH ] SCENES DURING THE FIGHTING EARLY IN OCTOBER IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD OF THE SHA-HO [Illustration: ATTACHÉS WATCHING THE FIGHT FROM POSITION NEAR THE YENTAI COAL MINES ] [Illustration: RESERVES UNDER FIRE SHELTERED BY AN EMBANKMENT ] [Illustration: