(1907-1912), in the famous _Realencyklopädie für protestantische Theologie und Kirche_, 3d ed., 24 vols. (1896-1913), and in the (Non-Catholic) _Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics_, ed. by James Hastings and now (1916) in course of publication. For the popes of the period, see Ludwig Pastor, _The History of the Popes from the Close of the Middle Ages_, the monumental work of a distinguished Catholic historian, the twelfth volume of which (coming down to 1549) was published in English translation in 1912; and the older but still useful (Protestant) _History of the Papacy from the Great Schism to the Sack of Rome_ by Mandell Creighton, new ed. in 6 vols. (1899-1901), and _History of the Popes_ by Leopold von Ranke, 3 vols. in the Bonn Library (1885). Heinrich Denziger, _Enchiridion Symbolorum, Definitionum, et Declarationium de rebus fidei el morum,_ 11nth ed. (1911), is a convenient collection of official pronouncements in Latin on the Catholic Faith. Philip Schaff, _The Creeds of Christendom,_ 3 vols. (1878), contains the chief Greek, Latin, and Protestant creeds in the original and usually also in English translation. Also useful is B. J. Kidd (editor), _Documents Illustrative of the Continental Reformation_ (1911). For additional details of the relation of the Reformation to sixteenth-century politics, consult the bibliography appended to Chapter III, above. THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN THE EARLY SIXTEENTH CENTURY. In the _Cambridge Modern History,_ Vol. I (1902), a severe indictment of the Church is presented (ch. xix) by H. C. Lea, and a defense is offered (ch. xviii) by William Barry. The former opinions are developed startlingly by H. C. Lea in Vol. I, ch. i, of his _History of the Inquisition in the Middle Ages._ An old-fashioned, though still interesting, Protestant view is that of William Roscoe, _Life and Pontificate of Leo X,_ 4 vols. (first pub. 1805-1806, many subsequent editions). For an excellent description of the organization of the Catholic Church, see André Mater, _L'église catholique, sa constitution, son administration_ (1906). The best edition of the canon law is that of Friedberg, 2 vols. (1881). On the social work of the Church: E. L. Cutts, _Parish Priests and their People in the Middle Ages in England_ (1898), and G. A. Prévost, _L'église et les campagnes au moyen âge_ (1892). The most recent and comprehensive study of the Catholic Church on the eve of the Protestant Revolt is that of Pierre Imbart de la Tour, _Les origines de la Réforme,_ Vol. I, _La France moderne_ (1905), and Vol. II, _L'église catholique, la crise et la renaissance_ (1909). For the Orthodox Church of the East see Louis Duchesne, _The Churches Separated from Rome,_ trans. by A. H. Mathew (1908).