MOHAMMEDANISM. Sir William Muir, _Life of Mohammed,_ new and rev. ed. by T. H. Weir (1912); Ameer Ali, _Life and Teachings of Mohammed_ (1891), and, by the same author, warmly sympathetic, Islam (1914); D. S. Margoliouth, _Mohammed and the Rise of Islam_ (1905), in the "Heroes of the Nations" Series, and, by the same author, _The Early Development of Mohammedanism_ (1914); Arthur Gilman, _Story of the Saracens_ (1902), in the "Story of the Nations" Series. Edward Gibbon has two famous chapters (1, li) on Mohammed and the Arabian conquests in his masterpiece, _Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire._ The _Koran,_ the sacred book of Mohammedans, has been translated into English by E. H. Palmer, 2 vols. (1880): entertaining extracts are given in Stanley Lane-Poole, _Speeches and Table Talk of the Prophet Mohammad._ LUTHER AND LUTHERANISM. Of innumerable biographies of Luther the best from sympathetic Protestant pens are: Julius Köstlin, _Life of Luther,_ trans. and abridged from the German (1900); T. M. Lindsay, _Luther and the German Reformation_ (1900); A. C. McGiffert, _Martin Luther, the Man and his Work_ (1911); Preserved Smith, _The Life and Letters of Martin Luther_ (1911); Charles Beard, _Martin Luther and the Reformation in Germany until the Close of the Diet of Worms_ (1889). A remarkable arraignment of Luther is the work of the eminent Catholic historian, F. H. S. Denifle, _Luther und Luthertum in der ersten Entwickelung,_ 3 vols. (1904-1909), trans. into French by J. Pasquier (1911-1912). The most available Catholic study of Luther's personality and career is the scholarly work of Hartmann Grisar, _Luther,_ 3 vols. (1911-1913), trans. from German into English by E. M. Lamond, 4 vols. (1913-1915). _First Principles of the Reformation,_ ed. by Henry Wace and C. A. Buchheim (1885), contains an English translation of Luther's "Theses," and of his three pamphlets of 1520. The best edition of Luther's complete works is the Weimar edition; English translations of portions of his _Table Talk,_ by William Hazlitt, have appeared in the Bonn Library; and _Luther's Correspondence and Other Contemporary Letters_ is now (1916) in course of translation and publication by Preserved Smith. J. W. Richard, _Philip Melanchthon_ (1898) is a brief biography of one of the most famous friends and associates of Luther. For the Protestant Revolt in Germany: E. F. Henderson, _A Short History of Germany_ (1902), Vol. I, ch. x-xvi, a brief sketch of the political and social background; Johannes Janssen, _History of the German People,_ a monumental treatise on German social history just before and during the revolt, scholarly and very favorable to the Catholic Church, trans. into English by M. A. Mitchell and A. M. Christie, 16 vols. (1896-1910); Gottlob Egelhaaf, _Deutsche Geschichte im sechzehnten Jahrhundert bis zum Augsburger Religionsfrieden,_ 2 vols. (1889-1892), a Protestant rejoinder to some of the Catholic Janssen's deductions;