Karl Lamprecht, _Deutsche Geschichte,_ Vol. V, Part I (1896), suggestive philosophizing; Leopold von Ranke, _History of the Reformation in Germany,_ Eng. trans., 3 vols., a careful study, coming down in the original German to 1555, but stopping short in the English form with the year 1534; Friedrich von Bezold, _Geschichte der deutschen Reformation,_ 2 vols. (1886-1890), in the bulky Oncken Series, voluminous and moderately Protestant in tone; J. J. I. von Döllinger, _Die Reformation, ihre innere Entwicklung und ihre Wirkungen,_ 3 vols. (1853-1854), pointing out the opposition of many educated people of the sixteenth century to Luther; A. E. Berger, _Die Kulturaufgaben der Reformation,_ 2d ed. (1908), a study of the cultural aspects of the Lutheran movement, Protestant in tendency and opposed in certain instances to the generalizations of Janssen and Döllinger; J. S. Schapiro, _Social Reform and the Reformation_ (1909), a brief but very suggestive treatment of some of the economic factors of the German Reformation; H. C. Vedder, _The Reformation in Germany_ (1914), likewise stressing economic factors, and sympathetic toward the Anabaptists. For additional facts concerning the establishment of Lutheranism in Scandinavia, see R. N. Bain, _Scandinavia, a Political History of Denmark, Norway and Sweden from 1513 to 1900_ (1905), and John Wordsworth (Bishop of Salisbury), _The National Church of Sweden_ (1911). Zwingli, Calvin, and Calvinism. The best biography of Zwingli in English is that of S. M. Jackson (1901), who likewise has edited the _Selected Works of Zwingli_; a more exhaustive biography in German is Rudolf Stahelin, _Huldreich Zwingli: sein Leben und Wirken_, 2 vols. (1895 1897). Biographies of Calvin: H. Y. Reyburn, _John Calvin: his Life, Letters, and Work_ (1914); Williston Walker, John Calvin, the Organizer of Reformed Protestantism (1906); Emile Doumergue, _Jean Calvin: les hommes et les choses de son temps_, 4 vols. (1899-1910); L. Penning, _Life and Times of Calvin_, trans. from Dutch by B. S. Berrington (1912); William Barry, _Calvin_, in the "Catholic Encyclopædia." Many of Calvin's writings have been published in English translation by the "Presbyterian Board of Publication" in Philadelphia, 22 vols. in 52 (1844-1856), and his _Institutes of the Christian Religion_ has several times been published in English. H. M. Baird, _Theodore Beza_ (1899) is a popular biography of one of the best-known friends and associates of Calvin. For Calvinism in Switzerland: W. D. McCracken, _The Rise of the Swiss Republic_, 2d ed. (1901); F. W. Kampschulte, _Johann Calvin, seine Kirche und sein Staat in Genf_, 2 vols. (1869-1899). For Calvinism in France: H. M. Baird, _History of the Rise of the Huguenots of France_, 2 vols. (1879), and by the same author, a warm partisan of Calvinism, _The Huguenots and Henry of Navarre_, 2 vols. (1886); the brothers Haag, _France protestante_, 2d ed., 10 vols.