Hughes, _Loyola and the Educational System of the Jesuits_ (1892). Monumental national histories of the Jesuits are now (1916) appearing under the auspices of the Order: for Germany, by Bernhard Duhr, Vol. I (1907), Vol. II (1913); for Italy, by Pietro Tacchi Venturi, Vol. I (1910); for France, by Henri Fouqueray, Vol. I (1910), Vol. II (1913); for Paraguay, by Pablo Pastells, Vol. I (1912); for North America, by Thomas Hughes, 3 vols. (1907-1910); for Spain, by Antonio Astrain, Vols. I-IV (1902-1913). Concerning the Index, see G. H. Putnam, _The Censorship of the Church of Rome and its Influence upon the Production and Distribution of Literature_, 2 vols. (1907). On the Inquisition, see H. C. Lea, _A History of the Inquisition of Spain_, 4 vols. (1907), and, by the same author, _The Inquisition in the Spanish Dependencies_ (1908), on the whole a dark picture; and, for a Catholic account, Elphège Vacandard, _The Inquisition: a Critical and Historical Study of the Coercive Power of the Church_, trans. by B. L. Conway (1908). FOR THE OUTCOME OF THE PROTESTANT REVOLT AND THE CATHOLIC REFORMATION FROM THE THEOLOGICAL STANDPOINT, see Adolph Harnack, _History of Dogma_, Eng. trans., Vol. VII (1900). Charles Beard, _The Reformation of the Sixteenth Century in its Relation to Modern Thought and Knowledge_ (1883) is a strongly Protestant estimate of the significance of the whole movement. J. Balmes, _European Civilization: Protestantism and Catholicity Compared in their Effects on the Civilization of Europe_ (1850), though old, is a suggestive résumé from the Catholic standpoint. CHAPTER V THE CULTURE OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY [Sidenote: "Culture"] "Culture" is a word generally used to denote learning and refinement in manners and art. The development of culture--the acquisition of new knowledge and the creation of beautiful things--is ordinarily the work of a comparatively small number of scientists and artists. Now if in any particular period or among any special people, we find a relatively larger group of intellectual leaders who succeed in establishing an important educated class and in making permanent contributions to the civilization of posterity, then we say that it is a cultured century or a cultured nation. [Sidenote: Greek Culture]