HUMANISM. The best description of the rise and spread of humanism is J. E. Sandys, _A History of Classical Scholarship_, Vol. II (1908). For the spirit of early humanism see H. C. Hollway-Calthrop, _Petrarch: his Life and Times_ (1907); J. H. Robinson and H. W. Rolfe, _Petrarch, the First Modern Scholar and Man of Letters_, 2d ed. (1914), a selection from Petrarch's letters to Boccaccio and other contemporaries, translated into English, with a valuable introduction; Pierre de Nolhac, _Pétrarque et l'humanisme_, 2d ed., 2 vols. in 1 (1907). Of the antecedents of humanism a convenient summary is presented by Louise Loomis, _Mediæval Hellenism_ (1906). A popular biography of Erasmus is that of Ephraim Emerton, _Desiderius Erasmus_ (1899); the Latin _Letters of Erasmus_ are now (1916) in course of publication by P. S. Allen; F. M. Nichols, _The Epistles of Erasmus_, 2 vols. (1901-1906), an excellent translation of letters written prior to 1517; Erasmus's _Praise of Folly_, in English translation, is obtainable in many editions. D. F. Strauss, _Ulrich von Hutten, his Life and Times_, trans. by Mrs. G. Sturge (1874), gives a good account of the whole humanistic movement and treats Hutten very sympathetically; _The Letters of Obscure Men_, to which Hutten contributed, were published, with English translation, by F. G. Stokes in 1909. An excellent edition of _The Utopia_ of Sir Thomas More, the famous English humanist, is that of George Sampson (1910), containing also an English translation and the charming contemporary _Biography_ by More's son-in-law, William Roper. The standard summary of the work of the humanists is the German writing of Georg Voigt, _Die Wiederbelebung des classischen Alterthums_, 3d ed., 2 vols. (1893). Interesting extracts from the writings of a considerable variety of humanists are translated by Merrick Whitcomb in his _Literary Source Books_ of the Renaissance in Germany and in Italy (1898-1899). INVENTION OF PRINTING. T. L. De Vinne, _Invention of Printing_, 2d ed. (1878), and, by the same author, _Notable Printers of Italy during the Fifteenth Century_ (1910), two valuable works by an eminent authority on the subject; G. H. Putnam, _Books and their Makers during the Middle Ages_, 2 vols. (1896-1897), a useful contribution of another experienced publisher; Johannes Janssen, _History of the German People_, Vol. I, Book I, ch. i. There is an interesting essay on "Publication before Printing" by R. K. Root in the _Publications of the Modern Language Association_, Vol. XXVIII (1913), pp. 417-431.