NATIONAL LITERATURES. Among the many extended bibliographies of national literatures the student certainly should be familiar with the _Cambridge History of English Literature_, ed. by A. W. Ward and A. R. Waller, 12 vols. (1907-1916); and with G. Lanson, _Manuel bibliographique de la littérature française moderne_, 1500-1900, 4 vols. (1909-1913). See also, as suggestive references, Pasquale Villari, _The Life and Times of Machiavelli_, 2 vols. in i (1898); A. A. Tilley, _The Literature of the French Renaissance_, 2 vols. (1904); George Saintsbury, _A History of Elizabethan Literature_ (1887); and Sir Sidney Lee, _Life of Shakespeare_, new rev. ed. (1915). ART IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY. Architecture: A. D. F. Hamlin, _A Textbook of the History of Architecture_, 5th ed. (1902), a brief general survey; _A History of Architecture_, Vols. I, II by Russell Sturgis (1906), III, IV by A. L. Frothingham (1915); Banister Fletcher, _A History of Architecture_, 5th ed. (1905); James Fergusson, _History of Architecture in All Countries_, 3d rev. ed., 5 vols. (1891-1899). Sculpture: Allan Marquand and A. L. Frothingham, _A Text-book of the History of Sculpture_ (1896); Wilhelm von Lubke, _History of Sculpture_, Eng. trans., 2 vols. (1872). Painting: J. C. Van Dyke, _A Text-book of the History of Painting_, new rev. ed. (1915); Alfred von Woltmann and Karl Woermann, _History of Painting_, Eng. trans., 2 vols. (1894). Music: W. S. Pratt, _The History of Music_ (1907). See also the _Lives of Seventy of the Most Eminent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects_ by Giorgio Vasari (1512-1574), the contemporary and friend of Michelangelo, trans. by Mrs. Foster in the Bohn Library; Osvald Siren, _Leonardo da Vinci: the Artist and the Man_ (1915); and Romain Rolland, _Michelangelo_ (1915). SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY. _Cambridge Modem History_, Vol. V (1908), ch. xxiii, Vol. IV (1906), ch. xxvii, scholarly accounts of Galileo, Bacon, Descartes, and their contemporaries. A veritable storehouse of scientific facts is H. S. and E. H. Williams, _A History of Science_, 10 vols. (1904-1910). Specifically, see Arthur Berry, _Short History of Astronomy_ (1899); Karl von Gebler, _Galileo Galilei and the Roman Curia_, Eng. trans. by Mrs. George Sturge (1879); B. L. Conway, _The Condemnation of Galileo_ (1913); and Galileo, _Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences_, Eng. trans. by Crew and Salvio (1914). _The Philosophical Works of Francis Bacon_, ed. by J. M. Robertson (1905), is a convenient edition. On the important thinkers from the time of Machiavelli to the middle of the eighteenth century, see Harald Hoffding, _A History of Modern Philosophy_, Vol. I (1900); W. A. Dunning, _A History of Political Theories from Luther to Montesquieu_ (1905); Paul Janet, _Histoire de la science politique dans ses rapports avec la morale_, 3d ed., Vol. II (1887). PART II DYNASTIC AND COLONIAL RIVALRY