(3) This new comfort, knowledge, and wealth went not merely to nobles and prelates; it was noticeable most of all in a new class, the "bourgeoisie." In the towns of Europe lived bankers, merchants, and shop-keepers,--intelligent, able, and wealthy enough to live like kings or princes. These bourgeois or townspeople (_bourg_ = town) were to grow in intelligence, in wealth, and in political influence; they were destined to precipitate revolutions in industry and politics, thereby establishing their individual rule over factories, and their collective rule over legislatures. ADDITIONAL READING GENERAL. A. F. Pollard, _Factors in Modern History_ (1907), ch. ii, vi, x, three illuminating essays; E. P. Cheyney, _An Introduction to the Industrial and Social History of England_ (1901), ch. ii-vi, a good outline; F. W. Tickner, _A Social and Industrial History of England_ (1915), an interesting and valuable elementary manual, ch. i-vii, x-xii, xvi, xvii, xix-xxi, xxiv-xxvii; W. J. Ashley, _The Economic Organization of England_ (1914), ch. i-v; G. T. Warner, _Landmarks in English Industrial History_, 11th ed. (1912), ch. vii-xiii; H. D. Traill and J. S. Mann (editors), _Social England_ (1909), Vols. II, III; H. de B. Gibbins, _Industry in England_, 6th ed. (1910), compact general survey; William Cunningham, _The Growth of English Industry and Commerce in Modern Times_, 5th ed., 3 vols. (1910-1912), a standard work; H. D. Bax, _German Society at the Close of the Middle Ages_ (1894), brief but clear, especially ch. i, v, vii on towns and country-life in the Germanies. Very detailed works: Maxime Kovalevsky, _Die ökonomische Entwicklung Europas bis zum Beginn der kapitalistischen Wirtschaftsform_, trans. into German from Russian, 7 vols. (1901-1914), especially vols. III, IV, VI; Émile Levasseur, _Histoire des classes ouvrières et de l'industrie en France avant 1789_, Vol. II (1901), Book V; Georges d'Avenel, _Histoire économique de la propriété, des salaires, etc._, 1200- 1800, 6 vols. (1894-1912).