AGRICULTURE IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY. R. E. Prothero, _English Farming Past and Present_ (1912), ch. iv; E. C. K. Gonner, _Common Land and Inclosure_ (1912), valuable for England; R. H. Tawney, _The Agrarian Problem in the Sixteenth Century_ (1912); E. F. Gay, _Essays on English Agrarian History in the Sixteenth Century_ (1913); H. T. Stephenson, _The Elizabethan People_ (1910); W. Hasbach, _A History of the English Agricultural Labourer_, trans. by Ruth Kenyon (1908), an excellent work, particularly Part I on the development of the class of free laborers from that of the medieval serfs. Valuable for feudal survivals in France is the brief _Feudal Regime_ by Charles Seignobos, trans. by Dow. Useful for social conditions in Russia: James Mavor, _An Economic History of Russia_, 2 vols. (1914), Vol. I, Book I, ch. iii. See also Eva M. Tappan, _When Knights were Bold_ (1911) for a very entertaining chapter for young people, on agriculture in the sixteenth century; Augustus Jessopp, _The Coming of the Friars_ (1913), ch. ii, for a sympathetic treatment of "Village Life Six Hundred Years Ago"; and W. J. Ashley, _Surveys, Historical and Economic_, for a series of scholarly essays dealing with recent controversies in regard to medieval land-tenure. TOWNS AND COMMERCE ABOUT 1500. Clive Day, _History of Commerce_ (1907), best brief account; W. C. Webster, _A General History of Commerce_ (1903), another excellent outline; E. P. Cheyney, _European Background of American History_ (1904) in "American Nation" Series, clear account of the medieval trade routes, pp. 3-40, of the early activities of chartered companies, pp. 123-167, and of the connection of the Protestant Revolution with colonialism, pp. 168-239; W. S. Lindsay, _History of Merchant Shipping and Ancient Commerce_, 4 vols. (1874- 1876), very detailed. The best account of sixteenth-century industry is in Vol. II of W. J. Ashley, _English Economic History and Theory_, with elaborate critical bibliographies. For town-life and the gilds: Mrs. J. R. Green, _Town Life in England in the Fifteenth Century_, 2 vols. (1894); Charles Gross, _The Gild Merchant_, 2 vols. (1890); Lujo Brentano, _On the History and Development of Gilds_ (1870); George Unwin, _The Gilds and Companies of London_ (1908), particularly the interesting chapter on "The Place of the Gild in the History of Western Europe." A brief view of English town-life in the later middle ages: E. Lipson, _An Introduction to the Economic History of England_, Vol. I (1915), ch. v-ix. On town-life in the Netherlands: Henri Pirenne, _Belgian Democracy: its Early History_, trans. by J. V. Saunders (1915). On town-life in the Germanies: Helen Zimmern, _The Hansa Towns_ (1889) in "Story of the Nations" Series; Karl von Hegel, _Städte und Gilden der germanischen Volker im Mittelalter_, 2 vols. (1891), the standard treatise in German. On French gilds: Martin St. Leon, _Histoire des corporations des métiers_ (1897). See also, for advanced