Scats from predatory mammals and reptiles and pellets from raptorial birds were examined. Most of these materials were collected by Dr. Henry S. Fitch, who kindly granted permission to use them. The results of the study of the scats and pellets are summarized in Table 5. Remains of voles were identified in 28 per cent of the scats of the copperhead snake (_Ancistrodon contortix_) examined. Copperheads were moderately common on the Reservation (Fitch, 1952:24) and were probably important as predators on voles in some habitats. Uhler _et al_ (1939:611), in Virginia, reported voles to be the most important prey item for copperheads. A vole was taken from the stomach of a rattlesnake (_Crotalus horridus_) found dead on a county road adjoining the Reservation. Rattlesnakes were present in small numbers on the Reservation but were usually found along rocky ledges rather than in areas where voles were common (Fitch, _loc. cit._). The rattlesnakes probably were less important as predators on voles than on other small mammals more common in the usual habitat of these snakes. The blue racer (_Coluber constrictor_) was common in grassland situations on the Reservation (Fitch, 1952:24) and twice was observed in the role of a predator on voles; one small blue racer entered a live-trap in pursuit of a vole and another blue racer was observed holding a captured vole in its mouth. The blue racer seems well adapted to hunt voles and probably preys on them extensively. The pilot black snake (_Elaphe obsoleta_) has been reported as a predator on _M. ochrogaster_ in the neighboring state of Missouri (Korschgen, 1952:60) and was moderately common on the Reservation (Fitch, _loc. cit._). _M. pennsylvanicus_, with habits similar to those of _M. ochrogaster_, has been reported as a prey for all of the above snakes (Uhler, _et al_, 1939). TABLE 5. FREQUENCY OF REMAINS OF VOLES IN SCATS AND PELLETS ========================================================================= No. of scats or No. containing Predator pellets examined remains of voles Percentage ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Copperhead 25 7 28 Red-tailed hawk 25 3 12 Long-eared owl 25 18 72 Great horned owl 32 6 19 Crow 25 4 16 Coyote 25 3 12 -------------------------------------------------------------------------