=Cancer= is the only disease of this organ likely to result in death. It is said to occur more frequently in females than males. It may assume the various forms of this disease, but is more frequently epithelial or scirrhus, than medullary. =Syphilitic Ulcers or Tubercle=, may be confounded with cancer, and in some instances, only a previous knowledge of the history of the case, assisted by a microscopic examination, would positively determine the diagnosis. =Tumors= of various kinds—encysted, fatty, fibrous and erectile—may be found in the substance of the tongue, or underneath it in the floor of the mouth. =Ranula= is a peculiar form of tumor found under the tongue, often attaining the size of a pigeon’s egg, and filled with a watery or albuminous, or sometimes cretaceous matter. The tumor is usually considered as arising from a dilatation of Wharton’s duct, but of this there is doubt in some cases. =Hypertrophy= of the tongue is sometimes found, where, from an increase of the connective or areolar tissue, without any change in the muscular fibres, the organ has become greatly enlarged, so as to cause deformity of the mouth, or even of the whole lower part of the face. This condition may involve the whole or a portion only of the tongue. Section II. OF THE LARYNX AND TRACHEA. [=Notice= in examination: 1. _Contents_—mucus; lymph; pus or blood; amount; foreign bodies; false membranes, etc. 2. _Larynx_—condition of epiglottis; œdema, ulcers, sloughs, polypi; same of superior opening to cavity. _Ventricles_—condition of mucous membranes, etc. _Vocal Cords_—thickness, color, œdema, ulcers, etc. _Cartilages_—condition of; ossification; caries, etc. 3. _Trachea_—contents; mucous membrane; cartilaginous rings; ossification of; caries; denuded of mucous membrane, etc.] _Inflammation_, _ulceration_, _œdema_, _necrosis of the cartilages_, _tumors_ and _false membranes_ are the more usual pathological conditions of these parts that may claim the attention in a post-mortem examination. =Inflammation= of the mucous membrane of the larynx (laryngitis) and trachea, will appear as a diffused redness, with some thickening of the membrane, and within which may be traced many _small, congested blood-vessels_. It may be important to distinguish the redness of inflammation, from that attending the early stage of decomposition, which, it is an interesting fact to know, first appears in these parts. Immediately after death, the mucous membrane is _pale_, except in death from suffocation or laryngitis. In a day or two it becomes of a dusky red, which is distinguished from that of inflammation by _the absence of congested vessels_; the redness of decomposition, also, having a superficial filmy appearance, as if washed with dirty wine.