Second, _dilatation_. This condition frequently attends the former, and indeed is seldom seen alone. It is confined to those cases where the cancer is at the pylorus, and is more noticeable at the fundus of the organ. Third, _contraction_. This is seldom seen in connection with hypertrophy, and is far less common than dilatation. Generally found in connection with cancer at the cardiac orifice, it may be looked upon as the result of the constant regurgitation which the obstruction produces, preventing thus the cavity of the organ from undergoing its normal distension, by the presence of any quantity of food. =Tumors.= With the exception of cancerous growths, tumors of the stomach are by no means common. _Fatty tumors_ are sometimes met with, originating in the submucous tissues, and as they increase in size, they may crowd either inwards towards the gastric cavity, or outwards towards the peritoneum. _Fibroid tumors_, are also occasionally met with in the submucous tissues, generally in the line of the lesser curve, and about the cardiac orifice. _Polypoid growths_ may also be found springing from the mucous surface, presenting the character of those formations usually. Section 2. THE INTESTINES. [=Notice= in examination:—1. _External characters_—displacements, as in hernia; amount and condition of involved bowel. _Invaginations_—number, position and size; dilatations or contraction of intestines; apparent cause of. _Peritoneal coat_—inflamed or not; adhesions; their position, strength; perforations, etc. 2. _Contents_—gas; mucus; blood; pus; fæcal matter; foreign substances, etc.; particulars in regard to each. _Entozoa_—number and character. 3. _Mucous membrane_—general condition; congested, inflamed, ulcerated. Orifice of bile duct. _Brunner’s glands_—inflamed, enlarged or ulcerated. _Peyer’s patches_—number, situation, general condition, ulceration, etc. 4. _Cæcum_ with _appendix vermiformis_—length, contents, ulcers, perforations, etc. 5. _Rectum_—prolapsus, hæmorrhoids, fistulæ.] =Malformations.= The intestine is sometimes defective in some part of its course, most usually near its lower extremity, and generally accompanied with an imperforate condition of the anus, (_atresia ani_.) This latter may be of various degrees, consisting sometimes in a simple closure of the anus by a continuation of the integument over it; in other cases the rectum terminates in a blind pouch at a greater or less distance from the anus. Sometimes the intestine is unusually short, without any distinction as to size between the large and small intestines. It may terminate at the umbilicus, or in a cloaca common to it and the genito-urinary organs. Finally, it may consist of several detached cœcal portions.