Andral notes the following malformations:—A single straight canal from the termination of the œsophagus to the commencement of the rectum; a double duodenum; two colons; an unusually large, and at same time, double appendix vermiformis. Diverticula are not unfrequent. They are cœcal appendages, resembling the finger of a glove, one or more in number, varying in length from a few lines to several inches, and giving off at various points. Like the appendix vermiformis, they may become a source of danger by affording a lodgement for indigestible matters. In very rare instances the position of the intestines has been found completely transposed, with a corresponding transposition of all the abdominal viscera, or of only one organ. =Inflammation.= Vascular injection by itself cannot be taken as a decisive proof of the existence of inflammation. Obstruction to the free return of blood by the veins, during life, and the gravitation of blood to the most dependent parts, after death, especially after fevers, can and do produce this very marked injection. In general, however, the smaller and more isolated the patch of injection is, the more likely it is to be inflammatory in its origin. _Catarrhal inflammation_ may be either acute or chronic, and may either attack the mucous membrane uniformly, or be developed mainly in the villi and follicles. In the _acute_ form: “There is more or less intense redness and injection of the mucous membrane, affecting its entire surface, or appearing as punctiform reddening from affection of the villi, or as a vascular halo surrounding the follicles; relaxation of the tissue, and intumescence of the mucous membrane, equally affecting the entire surface, or only the villi and follicles; opacity of the mucous membrane and its epithelium, from infiltration of the former and softening of the latter; friability and softening of the mucous membrane. The submucous cellular tissue is injected, relaxed and infiltrated with a watery opaque fluid; the secretion is at first copious and serous; as the affection increases in intensity it becomes opaque, viscid and puriform.” In the _chronic_ form, besides the above signs, we have also a dark, rusty, livid discoloration, sometimes pervading the entire mucous membrane; the mucous membrane and its follicles are swollen, the tissue has become more dense, and the surface covered with an opaque, grayish-white, or puriform mucus. Polypoid excrescences are sometimes found upon the mucous membrane. Both the large and the small intestines may be affected by catarrhal inflammation, although the chronic form seems to occur more frequently in the large. The muscular coat of the intestines is also sometimes the seat of inflammation, rarely if ever, however, as a primary disease, but by extension from the serous covering or mucous lining.