This should be arranged in a stand like the coils of a radiator with an incline from the inlet end of the top pipe to the outlet end of the lowermost pipe. As stated, the small pipe carries the mash, the large pipe the water. Preferably the mash flows downward while the water is forced upward in a contrary direction by means of a pump or a high level reservoir. The cooled mash should flow into the fermenting tank at a temperature of about 68∞ F. There are many varieties of mash cooling apparatuses on the market of more or less complication suited to the needs of large and expensive plants. The form of cooler best to be used depends upon the circumstances of each case and whether thick or thin mashes are to be distilled. The cooler should, however, be capable of thorough cleansing so that no portion of one mashing be carried to another. =Fermentation= is an obscure and seemingly spontaneous change or decomposition which takes place in most vegetable and animal substances when exposed at ordinary temperatures to air and moisture. While fermentation broadly covers decay or putrifaction, yet it is limited in ordinary use to the process for producing alcoholic liquors from sacchariferous mashes. Fermentation is brought about by certain bodies called ferments--these are either organized, as vegetable ferments such as yeast, or unorganized as diastase--the enzyme of germinated malt. The last is used to convert starch into maltose, the first is used to convert maltose into fermentable sugar. The organized ferments are either to be found floating freely in the air under the name of wild yeast or are artificially produced. If a solution of pure sugar be allowed to stand so that it can be acted on by the organisms in the air, it will remain unaltered for a long time, but finally mold will appear upon it and it will become sour and dark-colored. If, however, a suitable ferment is added to it, such as yeast, it rapidly passes into a state of active fermentation by which the sugar is split up into alcohol and carbon dioxid, the process continuing from 48 hours to several weeks according to the temperature, the amount of sugar present, and the nature and quantity of the ferment. Fermentation cannot occur at a temperature much below 40∞ F., nor above 140∞ F. The limits of practical temperature, however, are 41∞ to 86∞ F. Brewer's yeast is chiefly employed in spirit manufacture.