A Practical Manual of the Collodion Process, Giving in Detail a Method For Producing Positive and Negative Pictures on Glass and Paper.Humphrey, S. D. (Samuel Dwight)
Science
A Practical Manual of the Collodion Process, Giving in Detail a Method For Producing Positive and Negative Pictures on Glass and Paper.
Humphrey, S. D. (Samuel Dwight)
Ambrotype; Photography
But even if, by a preliminary removal of the nitrate of silver, the danger
of blackening be in a great measure obviated, yet the print must not be
taken out of the fixing bath too speedily, or some appearance of brown
patches, visible by transmitted light, may occur.
Each atom of nitrate of silver requires _three_ atoms of hyposulphite of
soda to form the _sweet and soluble double salt_, and hence, if the action
be not continued sufficiently long, another compound will be formed almost
tasteless and insoluble. Even immersion in a new bath of hyposulphite of
soda does not fix the print when once the yellow stage of decomposition
has been established. This yellow salt is insoluble in hyposulphite of
soda, and consequently remains in the paper.
Sugar of Milk. (_See_ Milk.)
Sulphuretted Hydrogen. (_See_ Hydrosulphuric Acid.)
Sulphuric Acid.
Symbol, SO{3}. Atomic weight, 40.
Sulphuric acid maybe formed by oxidizing sulphur with boiling nitric
acid; but this plan would be too expensive to be adopted on a large
scale. The commercial process for the manufacture of sulphuric acid is
exceedingly ingenious and beautiful, but it involves reactions which are
too complicated to admit of a superficial explanation. The sulphur is
first burnt into gaseous sulphurous acid (SO{2}), and then, by the agency
of binoxide of nitrogen gas, an additional atom of oxygen is imparted from
the atmosphere, so as to convert the SO{2} into SO{3}, or sulphuric acid.
_Properties._--Anhydrous sulphuric acid is a white crystalline solid. The
strongest liquid acid always contains one atom of water, which is closely
associated with it, and cannot be driven off by the application of heat.
This _mono-hydrated_ sulphuric acid, represented by the formula HO SO{3},
is a dense fluid, having a specific gravity of about 1·845; boils at
620°, and distils without decomposition. It is not volatile at common
temperatures, and therefore does not _fume_ in the same manner as nitric
or hydrochloric acid. The concentrated acid may be cooled down even to
zero without solidifying; but a weaker compound, containing twice the
quantity of water, and termed _glacial_ sulphuric acid, crystallizes at
40° Fahr. Sulphuric acid is intensely acid and caustic, but it does not
destroy the skin or dissolve metals so readily as nitric acid. It has an
energetic attraction for water, and when the two are mixed, condensation
ensues, and much heat is evolved; four parts of acid and one of water
produce a temperature equal to that of boiling water. Mixed with aqueous
nitric acid, it forms the compound known as nitro-sulphuric acid.
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