A, buccinator; B, masseter; C, depressor anguli oris; D, anterior portion of the digastric; E, mylo-hyoid; F, tendon of the digastric; G, sterno-hyoid; H, sterno-thyroid; K, omo-hyoid; L, sternal origin of sterno-cleido-mastoid muscle; M, superior fibers of deltoid; N, posterior scalenus; O, clavicular origin of sterno-cleido-mastoid; P, sterno-cleido-mastoid; R, trapezius; S, anterior constrictor; T, splenius capitis; V, stylo-hyoid; W, posterior portion of the digastric; X, fasciculi of ear muscles; Z, occipital. [Note. It was proposed during the Civil War to give each soldier in a certain army one gill of whiskey a day, because of great hardship and exposure. The eminent surgeon, Dr. Frank H. Hamilton of New York, thus expressed his views of the question: “It is earnestly desired that no such experiment will ever be repeated in the armies of the United States. In our own mind, the conviction is established, by the experience and observation of a life, that the regular routine employment of alcoholic stimulants by man in health is never, under any circumstances, useful. We make no exceptions in favor of cold or heat or rain.” “It seems to me to follow from these Arctic experiences that the regular use of spirits, even in moderation, under conditions of great physical hardship, continued and exhausting labor, or exposure to severe cold cannot be too strongly deprecated.” A. W. Greely, retired Brigadier General, U.S.A., and formerly leader of the Greely Expedition.] 79. Effect of Tobacco on the Muscles. That other prominent narcotic, tobacco, impairs the energy of the muscles somewhat as alcohol does, by its paralyzing effect upon the nervous system. As all muscular action depends on the integrity of the nervous system, whatever lays its deadening hand upon that, saps the vigor and growth of the entire frame, dwarfs the body, and retards mental development. This applies especially to the young, in the growing age between twelve or fourteen and twenty, the very time when the healthy body is being well knit and compacted. Hence many public schools, as well as our national naval and military academies, rigidly prohibit the use of tobacco by their pupils. So also young men in athletic training are strictly forbidden to use it.[12] This loss of muscular vigor is shown by the unsteady condition of the muscles, the trembling hand, and the inability to do with precision and accuracy any fine work, as in drawing or nice penmanship. Additional Experiments. Experiment 23. _ To examine the minute structure of voluntary muscular fiber._ Tease, with two needles set in small handles, a bit of raw, lean meat, on a slip of glass, in a little water. Continue until the pieces are almost invisible to the naked eye.