Aërial Navigation: A Popular Treatise on the Growth of Air Craft and on Aëronautical MeteorologyZahm, Albert Francis
History
Aërial Navigation: A Popular Treatise on the Growth of Air Craft and on Aëronautical Meteorology
Zahm, Albert Francis
Aeronautics; Meteorology
In _Professional Paper of the Signal Service No. 4_, describing the
tornadoes of May 29th and 30th, 1879, in Kansas, Nebraska, Missouri,
and Iowa, this passage occurs relative to a tornado at Delphos, Mo.:
“On the farm of Mr. Peter Bock, in the adjoining township of
Fountain, about 4 miles W. of the storm’s centre, and during
the hailstorm that preceded the tornado, masses of ice fell as
large as a man’s head, breaking in pieces as they struck the
earth. One measured 13 inches in circumference, another 15, and
a hole made by one that fell near the place of Mr. J. H. Kams
measured 7 inches across one way and 8 the other. This immense
fragment of aërial ice broke into small pieces, so that its
exact size could not be determined.”
The following description is given of the tornado that visited Lincoln
County, Neb., at that time:
“At first the hailstones were about the size of marbles, but they
rapidly increased in diameter until they were as large as hens’ eggs
and very uniform in shape. After the precipitation had continued about
fifteen minutes, the wind ceased and the small hail nearly stopped,
when there commenced to fall perpendicularly large bodies of frozen
snow and ice, some round and smooth and as large as a pint bowl, others
inclined to be flat, with scalloped edges, and others resembled rough
sea-shells. One of the latter, after being exposed an hour to the sun,
measured fourteen inches in circumference.”
The following was reported by the Signal Service observer at Fort
Elliott, Tex., 1888:
“A thunder-storm began at 4.10 P.M. and ended at 7.40 P.M.,
moving from southwest to northwest. Hail began at 5.18 P.M.
and ended at 5.26 P.M., the hailstones being spheroidal in
shape and about two inches in diameter; formation, solid snow.
The ‘break’ (hills) at the foot of the plains several miles
northwest of station were absolutely white with hailstones for
three hours after the storm. This was observed by everybody
at the station; on the morning of the 26th I walked down to
the Sweetwater Creek, three fourths of a mile distant, and saw
great banks of hailstones which had been washed down during the
night. The bottoms along the Sweetwater were literally covered
with banks of hailstones from six to eight feet in depth. It
was estimated that there was enough hail to cover ten acres to
a depth of six feet. The hailstones killed five horses which
were out on the prairie on a ranch six miles north of station.
The Sweetwater Creek was higher than ever known before, the
freshet destroying nearly the entire post garden. The high
water is supposed to have been caused by a ‘cloud-burst’ at
or near the foot of the plains, where the Sweetwater has its
source; there was only 0.36 inch of rainfall at the station. On
Sunday, May 27th, hailstones were collected on the banks of the
Sweetwater, which had been washed down and lay in drifts 6 feet
deep, actual measurement by the observer.”
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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