BAYNES, THOMAS SPENCER (1823-1887).--Philosopher, _s._ of a Baptist minister, _b._ at Wellington, Somerset, intended to study for Baptist ministry, and was at a theological seminary at Bath with that view, but being strongly attracted to philosophical studies, left it and went to Edin., when he became the favourite pupil of Sir W. Hamilton (_q.v._), of whose philosophical system he continued an adherent. After working as ed. of a newspaper in Edinburgh, and after an interval of rest rendered necessary by a breakdown in health, he resumed journalistic work in 1858 as assistant ed. of the _Daily News_. In 1864 he was appointed Prof. of Logic and English Literature at St. Andrews, in which capacity his mind was drawn to the study of Shakespeare, and he contributed to the _Edinburgh Review_ and _Fraser's Magazine_ valuable papers (chiefly relating to his vocabulary and the extent of his learning) afterwards collected as _Shakespeare Studies_. In 1873 he was appointed to superintend the ninth ed. of the _Encyclopædia Britannica_, in which, after 1880, he was assisted by W. Robertson Smith (_q.v._). BAXTER, RICHARD (1615-1691).--Divine scholar and controversialist, was _b._ of poor, but genteel, parents at Rowton in Shropshire, and although he became so eminent for learning, was not _ed._ at any university. Circumstances led to his turning his attention to a career at court under the patronage of the Master of the Revels, but a short experience of this sufficed; and giving himself to the Christian ministry, he was ordained in 1638, and, after being master of a school at Dudley, exercised his ministry successively at Bridgnorth and Kidderminster. His learning and capacity for business made him the leader of the Presbyterian party. He was one of the greatest preachers of his own day, and consistently endeavoured to exert a moderating influence, with the result that he became the object of attack by extremists of opposing views. Though siding with the Parliament in the Civil War, he opposed the execution of the King and the assumption of supreme power by Cromwell. During the war he served with the army as a chaplain. On the return of Charles II., B. was made one of his chaplains, and was offered the see of Hereford, which he declined, and his subsequent request to be allowed to return to Kidderminster was refused. He subsequently suffered persecution at the hands of Judge Jeffreys. After the Revolution he had a few years of peace and quiet. His literary activity was marvellous in spite of ill-health and outward disturbance. He is said to have written 168 works, the best known of which are _The Saints' Everlasting Rest_ (1650), and _Call to the Unconverted_ (1657), manuals of practical religion; and, among his controversial writings, _Methodus Theologiæ_ (1681), and _Catholic Theology_ (1675), in which his theological standpoint--a compromise between Arminianism and Calvinism--is set forth. Dr. Isaac Barrow says