was the first scholar of his age, he _d._ so poor that he left no funds to meet the expenses of his interment. His literary masterpiece is his _History_, which is remarkable for the power and richness of its style. Its matter, however, gave so much offence that a proclamation was issued calling in all copies of it, as well as of the _De Jure Regni_, that they might be purged of the "offensive and extraordinary matters" which they contained. B. holds his great and unique place in literature not so much for his own writings as for his strong and lasting influence on subsequent writers. BUCHANAN, ROBERT (1841-1901).--Poet and novelist, _b._ at Caverswall, Staffordshire, the _s._ of a Scottish schoolmaster and socialist, and _ed._ at Glasgow, was the friend of David Gray (_q.v._), and with him went to London in search of fame, but had a long period of discouragement. His first work, a collection of poems, _Undertones_ (1863), had, however, some success, and was followed by _Idylls of Inverburn_ (1865), _London Poems_ (1866), and others, which gave him a growing reputation, and raised high hopes of his future. Thereafter he took up prose fiction and the drama, not always with success, and got into trouble owing to some drastic criticism of his contemporaries, culminating in his famous article on the _Fleshly School of Poetry_, which appeared in the _Contemporary Review_ (Oct. 1871), and evoked replies from Rossetti (_The Stealthy School of Criticism_), and Swinburne (_Under the Microscope_). Among his novels are _A Child of Nature_ (1879), _God and the Man_ (1881), and among his dramas _A Nine Days' Queen_, _A Madcap Prince_, and _Alone in London_. His latest poems, _The Outcast_ and _The Wandering Jew_, were directed against certain aspects of Christianity. B. was unfortunate in his latter years; a speculation turned out ruinously; he had to sell his copyrights, and he sustained a paralytic seizure, from the effects of which he _d._ in a few months. He ultimately admitted that his criticism of Rossetti was unjustifiable. BUCKINGHAM, GEORGE VILLIERS, 2ND DUKE of (1628-1687).--Dramatist, _s._ of the 1st Duke, who was in 1628 assassinated by Felton. His life was full of adventure and change of fortune. The Restoration gave him back his already twice lost estates, which he again squandered by a life of wild extravagance and profligacy at Court. He was a member of the "Cabal" and intrigued against Clarendon. He wrote pamphlets, lampoons, and plays, but his chief contribution to literature was _The Rehearsal_, a comedy, in which he satirised the heroic drama of Dryden and others. It is believed that S. Butler had a hand in it. Dryden had his revenge in his picture of B. as _Zimri_ in _Absalom and Achitophel_.