BUCKINGHAM AND NORMANBY, JOHN SHEFFIELD, 1ST DUKE of (1648-1721).--_S._ of the 2nd Earl of Mulgrave, served in his youth as a soldier under Prince Rupert and Turenne, and is also said to have made love to the Princess, afterwards Queen, Anne. He was a Privy Councillor under James II., William and Mary, and Anne, with the last of whom he remained a favourite. His magnificent mansion was purchased and pulled down to make way for Buckingham Palace. He wrote _An Account of the Revolution_, _An Essay on Satire_, and _An Essay on Poetry_. He also remodelled Shakespeare's _Julius Cæsar_. BUCKINGHAM, JAMES SILK (1786-1855).--Journalist and traveller, wrote many books of travel, both on the Old and New World. He established, and for a year or two ed., _The Athenæum_, and produced many pamphlets on political and social subjects. BUCKLAND, FRANCIS TREVELYAN (1826-80).--Naturalist, _b._ and _ed._ at Oxf., where his _f._ was Dean of Christchurch. He studied medicine and was assistant-surgeon in the Life Guards. An enthusiastic lover of natural history, he wrote largely upon it, among his works being _Curiosities of Natural History_ (4 vols. 1857-72), _Log Book of a Fisherman and Zoologist_ (1876), _Natural History of British Fishes_ (1881). He also founded and ed. _Land and Water_. He was for a time Inspector of Salmon Fisheries, and served on various commissions. Though observant, he was not always strictly scientific in his methods and modes of expression, and he was a strong opponent of Darwin. BUCKLE, HENRY THOMAS (1821-1862).--Historical writer, _s._ of a wealthy shipowner in London, was _b._ at Lee in Kent. Though never at a univ. and little at school, he received a high degree of education privately, and inheriting an ample fortune and a large library, he devoted himself to travel and study, with the view of preparing for a great work which he had projected, _The History of Civilisation in England_. As an introduction to this he entered upon the consideration of the state of civilisation in various other countries, but this he had scarcely completed when his death took place at Damascus in 1862. The first vol. was _pub._ in 1857, and the second in 1861. In these the results of a vast amount of reading are shown; but they are not free from one-sided views and generalisations resting on insufficient data. He has, however, the credit of having contributed a new idea of history and the method of writing it. The completed work was to have extended to 14 vols. B. was one of the greatest chess-players in Europe.