§ 196. _Gravitational astronomy_: its development due almost entirely to Continental astronomers: use of _analysis_: English observational astronomy 247 §§ 197-8. _Flamsteed_: foundation of the Greenwich Observatory: his star catalogue 249 § 199. =Halley=: catalogue of Southern stars 253 § 200. Halley’s comet 253 § 201. _Secular acceleration of the moon’s mean motion_ 254 § 202. Transits of Venus 254 § 203. _Proper motions_ of the fixed stars 255 §§ 204-5. Lunar and planetary tables: career at Greenwich: minor work 255 § 206. =Bradley=: career 257 §§ 207-11. Discovery and explanation of _aberration_: the _constant of aberration_ 258 § 212. Failure to detect parallax 265 §§ 213-5. Discovery of _nutation_: _Machin_ 265 §§ 216-7. Tables of Jupiter’s satellites by Bradley and by _Wargentin_: determination of longitudes, and other work 269 § 218. His observations: _reduction_ 271 § 219. The density of the earth: _Maskelyne_: the _Cavendish experiment_ 273 § 220. The _Cassini-Maraldi_ school in France 275 § 221. Measurements of the earth: the Lapland and Peruvian arcs: _Maupertuis_ 275 §§ 222-4. _Lacaille_: his career: expedition to the Cape: star catalogues, and other work 279 §§ 225-6. _Tobias Mayer_: his observations: lunar tables: the longitude prize 282 § 227. The transits of Venus in 1761 and 1769: distance of the sun 284 CHAPTER XI. GRAVITATIONAL ASTRONOMY IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY, §§ 228-250 287-322 § 228. Newton’s problem: the _problem of three bodies_: methods of approximation: _lunar theory_ and _planetary theory_ 287 § 229. The progress of Newtonian principles in France: popularisation by Voltaire. The five great mathematical astronomers: the pre-eminence of France 290 § 230. _Euler_: his career: St. Petersburg and Berlin: extent of his writings 291 § 231. _Clairaut_: figure of the earth: return of Halley’s comet 293