PORTRAIT OF LAGRANGE _To face p._ 305 PORTRAIT OF LAPLACE „ 307 PORTRAIT OF WILLIAM HERSCHEL „ 327 82. Herschel’s forty-foot telescope 329 83. Section of the sidereal system 333 84. Illustrating the effect of the sun’s motion in space 345 85. _61 Cygni_ and the two neighbouring stars used by Bessel 360 86. The parallax of _61 Cygni_ 361 87. The path of Halley’s comet 373 88. Photographic trail of a minor planet _To face p._ 377 89. Paths of minor planets 378 90. Comparative sizes of three minor planets and the moon 379 91. Saturn and its system 380 92. Mars and its satellites 381 93. Jupiter and its satellites 382 94. The Apennines and the adjoining regions } _To face p._ 383 of the moon } 95. Saturn and its rings „ 384 96. A group of sun-spots „ 385 97. Fraunhofer’s map of the solar spectrum „ 387 98. The total solar eclipse of 1886 „ 390 99. The great comet of 1882 „ 393 100. The nebula about η _Argus_ „ 397 101. The orbit of ξ _Ursae_ 399 102. Spiral nebulae _To face p._ 400 103. The spectrum of β _Aurigae_ „ 403 104. The Milky Way near the cluster in Perseus „ 405 A SHORT HISTORY OF ASTRONOMY. CHAPTER I. PRIMITIVE ASTRONOMY. “The never-wearied Sun, the Moon exactly round, And all those Stars with which the brows of ample heaven are crowned, Orion, all the Pleiades, and those seven Atlas got, The close beamed Hyades, the Bear, surnam’d the Chariot, That turns about heaven’s axle tree, holds ope a constant eye Upon Orion, and of all the cressets in the sky His golden forehead never bows to th’ Ocean empery.” _The Iliad_ (Chapman’s translation).