Cavell, Edith, murder of, 176 Centralization, political, 4 Champagne, 30, 50 Charles the Bold, 76; death of, 92 Charles the Great: at Aix, 12; death of, 17; heirs of, 19; most famous of Carolingians, 12; reign of, 4; soldier and legislator, 13 Charles II, 128 Charles V, 94 ff., 131, 139, 146, 165 Charles VI, 131 f. Charles VIII, of France, 94 Charles X, fall of, 152 Charlotte, Princess of England, 155 Charlotte, wife of Archduke Maximilian, 163 _Charte de Commune_, 41 Charter: of Arras, 43; municipal, 43 Chastelain, 90 Chatillon, Jacques de, 63 Chemical products, 180 Chokier, Surlet de, president of provisional government, 155 Christian religion, introduction of, 13, 14 Christus, Peter, of Brabant, 91 Church: of Cologne, 14; of Rheims, 14; feudal, 28 Churchill, 173 “Circles,” 96 Cistercians, 28, 50 Cities, free, 36; glory of Belgian, 54; originated in Middle Ages, 39; special privileges granted, 42 Civil war, 17, 62 Civilians, deportation of, 176 Civilization, of Belgium, 35; centers of, 39; French, 33; and German, 35 Civitates, 39 _Clauwerts_, 63 Clergy, 81 Clodion: belonged to dynasty of Merovingians, 12; first king of Franks, 11 Clodovech: baptism of, 14 Cloth industry, 46, 69, 70, 83 f. Clubs, political, 142; interference of French, 153 Cluny, monks of, 28; Reform of, 27 Coal, 180 Coalition, against French king, 58; European, 141 Cod fishing, 31 Code Napoléon, 144 Coins, Belgian imitated, 46; of Counts of Flanders, 37 Colenbrander, H., 6 Coligny, 110 Colleges, opened, 122 Collieries and ironworks, 47 Cologne, 14; archbishop of, 60; archbishopric of, 21; political decline of archbishops of, 60; road from, to Bruges, 39, 43, 44 Comines, Philip de, historian, 77 Commerce, 45 Commercial, highroad between Rhine and sea, 59; relations between Flanders and England, 46; road controlled by dukes, 60 Commission for Relief in Belgium, 180 Committee of Regency, 153 Communes, defeated French, 63 f.; Flemish and Walloon, 43; political conditions under, 49; rights of, 42; rise of, 4, 36-41, 93; “Time of the,” 36, 55 Compagnie d’Ostende, 132 Concordat, 143 Condé, 172 Conference, of London, 156; of the powers, 154 Congo, 168 Congress, Belgian, 155; of confederation, 139 Coninck, Peter de, 63 Conscription, military, 142 Conspiracy of nobles, 128 Constitution, of Belgian principalities, 79; for cities, 43; of independent Belgium, 154; proposed of United Kingdom, 150 Constitutional monarchy, 154 _Consulta_, 106 Convents, 39 Copper, 38, 68, 180 Cortemberg, Council of, 66 Cotton, 180 Council of Blood, 110, 112 Council for Flanders, 179 Council of State, 106; members arrested, 113 Counts: of Alsace, 43; of Flanders, free exchange policy of, 45; protectors of communes, 42 Coursèle, 123 Courtrai, 63; basilica of, 64; defeat of patricians at, 65 Coutereel, Peter, 62 Craft-guilds, 90, 135 Craftsmen, 39, 62, 65, 68 Crécy, battle of, 68 Crusaders, 33, 57