For details and references as to the pagan myths embodied in the Gospels, see the author's Christianity and Mythology, Parts II and III. The evolution of the doctrine of the Logos is discussed by Professor James Drummond, in The Jewish Messiah, 1877, and Philo Judæus, 1888; by M. Nicolas, Des doctrines religieuses des Juifs, 1860; and in Schürer's Jewish People in the Time of Christ, Div. II, vol. iii. As to its early form among the Babylonians see Tiele, Histoire comparée des anciennes religions égyptiennes et semitiques, French tr. 1882, pp. 182-83. Dr. Frazer presents the evidence as to the Semitic usage of sacrificing a mock king in his Golden Bough, where however the problem is obscured by the acceptance of the Gospels as historical records. See also the article on Jesus als Saturnalien-König, by P. Wendland, in Hermes, xxxiii (1898). Chapter II--The Environment § 1. Social and Mental Conditions in the Roman Empire The sociological forces and tendencies in the Greek and Roman civilizations are discussed in the author's Evolution of States, Part I; also in A Short History of Freethought, vol. i, ch. iii, v, vi, and vii. For the social bearing of ancient religion consult Fustel de Coulanges, La Cité Antique; Boissier, La Religion romaine d'Auguste aux Antonins (2 tom. 4e édit. 1892); Burckhardt, Griechische Culturgeschichte, 3 Bde. 1898-1900; Farnell, The Cults of the Greek States (five vols. 1896-1908); Maury, Histoire des religions de la Grèce antique, 3 tom. 1857; and Kalthoff's Rise of Christianity. Renan has many suggestive pages on social conditions, particularly in Les Apôtres; but heed must be taken of the frequent contradictions in his generalizations. As to the religious life of the Greek private religious societies, see ch. xvii of Les Apôtres; the treatise of M. Foucart, before cited; Dr. Hatch's Bampton lectures on The Organization of the Early Christian Churches; and his Hibbert lectures on The Influence of Greek Ideas, etc., before cited. For Rome, see Professor W. Warde Fowler's Social Life at Rome in the Age of Cicero (1909); and Professor Samuel Dill's Roman Society from Nero to Marcus Aurelius (1908). § 2. Jewish Orthodoxy Schürer's Jewish People in the Time of Christ gives the main clues from Josephus, the Talmud, and the O. T. apocrypha. See further M. Friedländer's Zur Entstehungsgeschichte des Christenthums (Wien, 1894) for light as to the relations between the Pharisees and the common people. For a good general view see Reuss, Histoire de la théologie chrétienne au siècle apostolique (2e édit. 1860), liv. i. Nicolas, Des doctrines religieuses des Juifs, 1860, gives a fuller research. Accounts of the surviving "Nestorians" are given in Missionary Researches in Armenia, by E. Smith and H. D. O. Dwight, 1834, and in Dr. A. Grant's The Nestorians, 2nd. ed. 1843. § 3. Jewish Sects