[11] Nasse, _Agricultural Community of the Middle Ages_, p. 5. To-day harvest generally commences about August 1, so that this, like the growth of grapes in mediaeval times, seems to show our climate has grown colder. [12] Vinogradoff, _English Society in the Eleventh Century_, p. 264. [13] Maitland, _op. cit._ p. 17. [14] Vinogradoff, _English Society in the Eleventh Century_, p. 265. [15] Maitland, _op. cit._ pp. 318 et seq. [16] Vinogradoff, _English Society in the Eleventh Century_, p. 345. [17] Vinogradoff, _English Society in the Eleventh Century_, p. 339. [18] Maitland, _Domesday Book_, p. 110 [19] Vinogradoff, _op. cit._ p. 395. [20] Vinogradoff, _Villeinage in England_, pp. 225 et seq. [21] Maitland, _op. cit._ p. 23. [22] Vinogradoff, _op. cit._ p. 433. [23] In Domesday they number 108,500. Maitland, _Domesday Book_. [24] Maitland, _op. cit._. [25] Vinogradoff, _English Society in the Eleventh Century_, p. 300. [26] _Domesday of S. Paul_, p. lxviii. [27] Maitland, _Domesday Book_, p. 56. [28] Cunningham, _Growth of English Industry and Commerce_, i. 166. In some manors free tenants could sell their lands without the lord's licence, in others not. [29] Vinogradoff, _Villeinage in England_, p. 279. [30] Vinogradoff, _Villeinage in England_, p. 285. [31] Ibid. p. 246; and _English Society in the Eleventh Century_, p. 448. At the end of the eighteenth century, in default of sons, lands in some manors in Shropshire descended to the youngest daughter.--Bishton, _General View of the Agriculture of Shropshire_, p. 178. [32] Vinogradoff, _English Society in the Eleventh Century_, p. 456. [33] Maitland, Domesday Book, p. 40. [34] Ibid. [35] Maitland, _Domesday Book_, p. 35. [36] _Fleta_, c. 73. [37] _Domesday of S. Paul_, xxxv. _Fleta_, 'an anonymous work drawn up in the thirteenth century to assist landowners in managing their estates' says, the reeve 'shall rise early, and have the ploughs yoked, and then walk in the fields to see that all is right and note if the men be idle, or if they knock off work before the day's task is fully done.' [38] Vinogradoff, _Villeinage in England_, p. 321. [39] Ibid. p. 324. [40] _Manor of Manydown_, Hampshire Record Society, p. 17. Breaking the assize of beer meant selling it without a licence, or of bad quality. The village pound was the consequence of the perpetual straying of animals, and later on the vicar sometimes kept it. See ibid. p. 104. [41] Cunningham, _Growth of English Industry and Commerce_, i. 106. [42] Vinogradoff, _Villeinage in England_, p. 264. [43] Andrews, _Old English Manor_, p. 111. [44] _Domesday of S. Paul_, p. xxxvii.