[66] Davenport, _A Norfolk Manor_, p. 36; and see Hall, _Pipe Roll of Bishopric of Winchester_, p. xxv. [67] Chevage, poll money, paid to the lord. [68] Vinogradoff, _Villeinage in England_, p. 230. [69] Cunningham, _Industry and Commerce_, i. 117. [70] Vinogradoff, _Villeinage in England_, p. 307. On the Berkeley estates in 1189-1220 money was so scarce with the tenants that the rents, apparently even where services had been commuted, were commonly paid in oxen.--Smyth, _Lives of the Berkeleys_, i. 101. In the thirteenth century the labour services of the villeins were stricter than in the eleventh. Vinogradoff, _op. cit._ 298. [71] Page, _End of Villeinage_, p. 39. [72] Thorold Rogers, _History of Agriculture and Prices_, i. 82. [73] Hampshire Record Society, i. 64. See Appendix, i. [74] Hasbach, _English Agricultural Labourer_, p. 14. [75] Hallam, _Middle Ages_, iii. 361 [76] Denton, _England in the Fifteenth Century_, p. 56. [77] Cunningham, _Industry and Commerce_, i. 273. [78] Cullum, _History of Hawsted_, 1784 ed., p. 180. [79] Ballard, _Domesday_, p. 207. [80] Walter of Henley, Royal Historical Society, p. 12. [81] Walter reckons the above food of the horse at 12s. 3d., and of the ox at 3s. 1d.; but both are wrong. [82] Ibid. p. 15. [83] Walter of Henley, Royal Historical Society, p. 19. [84] Walter of Henley, Royal Historical Society, p. 71. [85] Davenport, _A Norfolk Manor_, pp. 29 et seq. See also Hall, _Pipe Roll of the Bishopric of Winchester_, p. xxvi, which gives an average yield of wheat over a large area in 1298-9 at 4.3 bushels per acre. [86] Walter of Henley, Royal Historical Society, p. 77. [87] Thorold Rogers, _Agriculture and Prices_, i. 397; _Archaeologia_, xviii. 281. [88] Walter of Henley, pp. 69, 75. In Lancashire, at the end of the thirteenth century, mowing 60-1/2 acres cost 17s. 7-1/2d. _Victoria County History, Lancashire, Agriculture_, and _Two Compoti of the Lancashire and Cheshire Manors of Henry de Lacy_ (Cheetham Society). [89] Walter of Henley, p. 63. [90] _Crondall, Records_, Hampshire Record Society, i. 65. [91] See Thorold Rogers, various tables in vol. i. of _History of Agriculture and Prices_. Compare these with the prices on the Berkeley estates from 1281 to 1307, omitting years of scarcity: wheat, 2s. 4d. to 5s.; oxen, 10s. to 12s.; cows, 9s. to 10s.; bacon hogs, 5s.; fat sheep, 1s. 6d. to 2s.; and in the early part of Edward III's reign, wheat, 5s. 4d. to 10s.; oxen, 14s. to 24s. Other prices about the same.--Smyth, _Lives of the Berkeleys_, i. 160. [92] If it is true, as generally stated, that the mediaeval ox was one-third the size of his modern successor, it is apparent that he was a very dear animal. Cattle at this date suffered from the ravages of wolves. [93] _Crondall, Records_, Hampshire Record Society, i. 64. [94] _History of Agriculture and Prices_, i. 528.