Beausobre the younger 345 23. Fichte. Philosophic strifes 349 24. Rationalism and conservatism in both camps 350 25. Austria. Jahn. Joseph II. Beethoven 351 Chap. XIX--Freethought in the Remaining European States § 1. Holland. Elizabeth Wolff. Leenhof. Booms. Influence of Bayle. Passerano. Lack of native freethought literature 352 § 2. The Scandinavian States. 1. Course of the Reformation. Subsequent wars. Retrogression in Denmark 354 2. Holberg's Nicolas Klimius 355 3. Sweden. Queen Christina 357 4. Swedenborg 358 5. Upper-class indifference. Gustavus III. Kjellgren and Bellman. Torild. Retrogression in Sweden 359 6. Revival of thought in Denmark. Struensee. Mary Wollstonecraft's survey 361 § 3. The Slavonic States. 1. Poland. Liszinski 362 2. Russia. Nikon. Peter the Great. Kantemir. Catherine 363 § 4. Italy. 1. Decline under Spanish Rule. Naples 365 2. Vico 365 3. Subsequent scientific thought. General revival of freethought under French influence 367 4. Beccaria. Algarotti. Filangieri. Galiani. Genovesi. Alfieri. Bettinelli. Dandolo. Giannone. Algarotti and the Popes. The scientific revival. Progress and reaction in Tuscany. Effects of the French Revolution 368 § 5. Spain and Portugal. 1. Progress under Bourbon rule in Spain. Aranda. D'Alba 372 2. Tyranny of the Inquisition. Aranda. Olavidès 373 3. Duke of Almodobar. D'Azara. Ricla 373 4. The case of Samaniego 374 5. Bails. Cagnuelo. Centeno 375 6. Faxardo. Iriarte 375 7. Ista. Salas 376 8. Reaction after Charles III 376 9. Portugal. Pombal 377 § 6. Switzerland. Socinianism and its sequelæ. The Turrettini. Geneva and Rousseau. Burlamaqui. Spread of deism 378 Chap. XX--Early Freethought in the United States