[117] Ed. Scheler. 3 vols. Brussels, 1870-1872. [118] Ed. Hericault. 2 vols. Paris, 1874. Charles d'Orleans was the son of the Duke of Orleans, who was murdered by the Burgundians, and of Valentina of Milan. He was born in 1391, taken prisoner at Agincourt, ransomed in 1449, and he died in 1465. His son was Louis XII. [119] Ed. Queux de St. Hilaire. Paris, 1868. CHAPTER X. THE DRAMA. [Sidenote: Origins of Drama.] The origins of the drama in France, like most other points affecting mediaeval literature, have been made the subject of a good deal of dispute. It has been attempted, on the one hand, to father the mysteries and miracle-plays of the twelfth and later centuries on the classical drama, traditions of which are supposed to have been preserved in the monasteries and other homes of learning. On the other hand, a more probable and historical source has been found in the ceremonies and liturgies of the Church, which in themselves possess a considerable dramatic element, and which, as we shall see, were early adapted to still more definitely dramatic purposes. Disputes of this kind, if not exactly otiose, are not suited to these pages; and it is sufficient to say that while Plautus and Terence at least retained a considerable hold on mediaeval students, the natural tendencies to dramatic representation which exist in almost every people, assisted by the stimulus of ecclesiastical traditions, ceremonies, and festivals, are probably sufficient to account for the beginnings of dramatic literature in France. [Sidenote: Earliest Vernacular Dramatic Forms.] [Sidenote: Mysteries and Miracles.] [Sidenote: Miracles de la Vierge.]